Validity and Reliability of Non-Invasive Methods for Evaluating Kyphosis and Lordosis Curvatures: A Literature Review

Introduction: A few instruments are accessible for clinical estimation of the thoracic and lumbar curvatures. This methodical survey aims to identify the validity and reliability of non-invasive thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis measurements. Materials and Methods: This research is a literature review. The process was performed on articles in credible databases, such as Medline, Embase, AMED, CINAHL, PubMed, and Biomedical Reference Collection, Expanded, Sport Discus, Science Direct, Web of Science, searching for the terms thoracic kyphosis, lordosis, spinal curvature, lordosis and reliability, lordosis and validity, kyphosis and reliability, kyphosis and validity, test, measure, flexi curve, radiograph, spinal mouse, inclinometer, kyphometer, image processing, Cobb, during 1960 to 2020. Results: The result of the systematic search revealed that ten methods among all related papers have inclusion criteria, 3D ultrasound, Arco meter, DE Brunner’s kyphometer, digital inclinometer, electro goniometer, goniometer, flexi curve angle, image processing, pantograph, and spinal mouse. Conclusion: The validity and reliability of non-invasive methods for estimating kyphosis and lordosis curvatures were indicated in 26 papers. Based on the current little evidence, non-invasive procedures have high to very high reliability and moderate to high validity

Comparison of Plantar Pressure Distribution and Vertical Ground Reaction Force between Dominant and None-Dominant Limb in Healthy Subjects Using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) Technique

Objective: The aim of this study was the comparison of plantar pressure distribution and vertical ground reaction force between dominant and none-dominant limbs in healthy through using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) technique. Materials & Methods: This study was quasi-experimental in which 20 healthy adult males and females were selected from available subjects. Subject’s plantar pressure distribution and vertical ground reaction force measured using the Pedar-X system. The obtained data were analyzed by Paired-t test, one way analyze of variance, Pearson coefficient correlation and PCA. Results: ANOVA and Paired-t test did not show any significance difference between males and females and dominant and non-dominant limb pressure pattern, (P>0.05). PCA recognized pressure and force applied on the heel, fingers, big toe and first metatarsal regions for the dominant limb and lateral mid foot, lateral fore foot, first metatarsal and heel regions for non-dominant limb, as important parameters. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that, dominant limb is responsible for propulsion and weight acceptance and non-dominant limb is responsible for balance control. Therefore during biomechanical evaluation of feet, difference between function of dominant and non-dominant limb must be considered

Observational assessment for determining shoulder fault movements before and after corrective education in participants with chronic shoulder pain: Concurrent validity study.

Movement faults (MF), described as the alteration of joint position and motion, are an important factor associated with developing shoulder pathologies. However, determining or predicting the exact MF in participants with shoulder pain is limited by the absence of clinical tools and poor validity. The aim of the study was to determine the validity of using observational assessment to MFs or controlling MFs in subjects with chronic shoulder pain during shoulder elevation and external rotation. Concurrent validity study METHODS: Twenty-seven people with chronic shoulder pain were examined. The index test represented three observational assessments of MF during shoulder external rotation, elevation in the frontal plane, and elevation in the sagittal plane. Three-dimensional motion analysis represented the reference test. The movements of both shoulder joints were evaluated simultaneously, and the index and reference tests were performed concurrently. The sensitivity and specificity of observational detection were good to excellent (Se: 77.5%, Sp: 81.5%) for MF and excellent (Se: 85.7%, Sp: 100%) for controlling MF. The positive and negative predictive value was (PPV: 93.9, NPV: 57.1) for MF and (PPV: 100%, NPV: 82.8%) for controlling MF. The result of the positive and negative likelihood ratio was (PLR: 5.4, NLR: 0.26) for MF and (PLR: 0, NLR: 0.18) for controlling MF. The results revealed that the validity of the observational detection approach for identifying MFs was good to excellent. Moreover, the accuracy of this approach in detecting the control of MFs after patient education was excellent. There was good to excellent accuracy in most MFs once classified by their motion trajectories, except for scapula anterior tilt during glenohumeral joint external rotation or elevation

The Symmetry in the Selected Plantar Pressure Distribution Parameters of the Elderly Subject With Lower Limb Discrepancy (LLD)

Objectives: lower leg discrepancy is a common problem which causes the changes in the plantar pressure distribution pattern during gait. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study the symmetry in the various plantar pressure distribution parameters in the elderly subject with leg discrepancy. Methods & Materials: Twenty-one elderly from Esfehan with leg discrepancy (1.5 to 3 cm) participated in this study. Plantar pressure distribution and other related parameters were measured in the five discrete steps for each limb by “emed 2” platforms. Three successful steps from five were selected and averaged, and the plantar areas were divided into 11 marks. For each mark peak force (BW%), peak pressure (Kpa), contact area, contact time, pressure time integral and force time integral were calculated. Descriptive statistics (mean and SD) to report the plantar pressure pattern, dependent sample t- test for comparison pressure data between long and short limb (P≤0.05) and symmetry index (SI%) for the symmetrical status in the selected plantar pressure data of the elderly subject with LLD were used. Results: The consequence of dependent t-test showed that regardless of contact area in the forefoot region and 3th, 4th and 5th toes, there were no significant differences between long and short limb. Symmetry index (SI%) also revealed that the contact time in the short limbs heel was less than long limb and peak force and peak pressure in the short limb was less in mid foot region and was greater in forefoot region than long limb. Conclusion: Given The Result Of This Study Showed That In The Short Limb, Initial Contact Time And Weight Acceptance Was Reduced, Which Cause The Increase Of The Pressure In The Forefoot And Also Which Causes The Increase Of Stress Fracture Risk In The Metatarsal Region. Therefore, It Is Suggested That LLD Subject Use Orthotic Or Shoes That Can Increase Their Heel Height And Balancing The Contact Time In The Short Limb To Resolve Their Gait Pattern Problems In Their Short Limb And Also To Eliminate The Compensating Mechanism Of Their Long Limb

The effect of role playing training on social skills in student with mild intellectualDisability

The present study was designed for investigate the effect of role playing on social skills in students with mild intellectual disability. This was a quasi-experimental research with pre- post test. 14 student 14-16 years old with mild intellectual disability were selected using convenience sampling method. The subjects were randomly assigned into two control and experimental groups. Research instrument was Gresham and Elliott Social Skills Rating system (1990). Parents and teachers completed questionnaire of social skills for all subjects. The experimental group participated in a training program during 20 sessions. In this program 10 social skills were taught through role playing method. After this stage, social skills questionnaires were completed again for all subjects (control and experimental group). Data obtained from the pre- test and post -test were analyzed using Covariance Analysis. Results showed that role playing training had not significant effect on social skills in student with mild intellectual disability. Findings can be used to develop social skills training program for children with mild intellectual disability