ChemInform Abstract: Zinc Chloride‐Catalyzed Expeditious Route to Nitriles

A simple, solvent-free, and efficient method to get nitriles by microwave-assisted reaction of different aromatic aldehydes with hydroxylamine in the presence of ZnCl2 is described

Factors affecting compliances with physiotherapy among stroke patients: physiotherapist\u27s perspective: a study from Peshawar Pakistan.

Non-compliances to physiotherapy are common. Outside the Western nations, little is known to the factors responsible for non-compliances with physiotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the factors affecting non-compliances with physiotherapy among stroke patients, in Peshawar, Pakistan. METHOD: Seven in practice physiotherapists from Peshawar, Pakistan, were invited to focus group discussion to discuss their opinions about factors affecting stroke patient\u27s non-compliances and the strategies to manage with these factors. The dialogues were transcribed and analyzed. Significant words and statements describing noncompliances were identified. The cluster of meanings developed and used to write a combined description presenting the real meaning of discussion

ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Solvent‐Free One‐Pot Synthesis of Nitriles from Aldehydes

The process is green, efficient and extremely inexpensive

p-TSA catalysed efficient synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetraaryl-imidazoles

Abstractp-TSA catalysed simple and efficient synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetraaryl-imidazoles via a four component condensation of benzoin, aniline, ammonium acetate and araldehydes in ethanol under reflux condition is reported. The yields are high, procedure is mild and less time consuming

Amberlite IR-120H: An improved reusable solid phase catalyst for the synthesis of nitriles under solvent free microwave irradiation

An efficient green protocol has been developed for the conversion of a range of aldehydes to the corresponding nitriles using a solid-phase reusable catalyst combined with microwave irradiation. The highlighting features of this method are short reaction time, environmentally compatible, reusability of the catalyst and good product yield

Solvent-free synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b] phthalazine-triones promoted by cavitational phenomenon using iodine as catalyst

An environmentally benign, simple and efficient protocol for the synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b] phthalazine-triones by condensation of phthalhydrazide, aromatic aldehydes and dimedone under solvent-free ultrasound assisted conditions employing a safe, readily available iodine as catalyst has been described. This process is a valuable addition as it devoids the use of any solvent and takes place in short duration of time giving good yield of the products

Molecular Iodine Catalysed One Pot Synthesis of Spirooxindoles by Tandem Knoevenagel Cyclisation

Spirooxindoles are heterocycles found in various natural and synthetic products with potent bio-, physio-, and pharmaceutical activities. Heterocyclic fused phthalazines possess   antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, anti- inflammatory, and cardiotonic activities. Hence, an efficient multi-component method has been developed for the synthesis of pyrazolophthalazinyl spirooxindoles through tandem Knoevenagel cyclisation from isatin, malononitrile and various phthalhydrazides in presence of readily available molecular iodine as a catalyst in ethanol solvent under ultrasonic condition to afford the products in very good yield within 15 mins. The method is simple, efficient, uses readily available commercial starting materials and gives good yield of product in short reaction time

Analysis of 200 Cases of Hydrocephalus Managed at DHQ Teaching Hospital Sahiwal

Objective: Hydrocephalus is a common disease in children management and complications were standard in this study.Study Design: Prospective study.Results: 200 consecutive patients of all age groups and with all types of hydrocephalus were included. This study showed that 70% of patients with hydrocephalus were of congenital variety and 30% were of acquired variety. The incidence of associated congenital anomalies in congenital hydrocephalus was 50% and amongst them spinal dysraphysm was on the top i.e. 40%. In patients with acquired hydrocephalus, the majority of patients (20%) were post meningitic, 5% with brain tumors and 3% were post-traumatic. Postoperative complications were also noted.Complications: Common complications were infections (10%), shunt obstruction (24%) and intracranial hemorrhage (0.5%).Conclusion: We conclude that hydrocephalus is the commonest problem amongst the pediatric neurosurgical patients. Seventy percent of patients were of congenital variety while 30% of acquired variety. Amongst the neoplastic group, 80% patients had posterior fossa tumors causing obstructive hydrocephalus. 24% patients developed shunt obstruction and 10% had shunt infection

Nucleation, growth and dissolution of faceted single crystals

Eng. D. Thesis.The crystallisation and dissolution (non-sink) behaviour from the solution phase is studied for some selected pharmaceutical representative materials, notably urea and paracetamol, and is interrelated to an assessment of surface chemistry of the crystal habit facets. The inclusion of a small amount of biuret, a known decomposition impurity of urea, is found to increase the solution metastable zone. Polythermal analysis is consistent with a concentration dependence of the nucleation behaviour of both the pure and the doped systems associated with the mechanism changing from progressive to instantaneous with increasing concentration, with a concomitant decrease in the interfacial tension and a significant increase in nucleation rate of the doped system, from 9.22-20.48 to 9.25-67.73 nm-3. s-1, and decrease in the critical nucleus size. The crystal habit of urea in solution is found to be dominated by the {110} and smaller polar {111} capping faces resulting in the {-1-1-1} not being observed. The mean crystal growth rates of the {110} and {111} faces are found to increase with respect to supersaturation with {111} exhibiting a greater level of increase than {110}. The addition of biuret to the solution is found to have a greater effect on retarding the growth of {111} compared to {110}, resulting in a more compact morphology. Rationalising this behaviour with computational molecular modelling studies reveals stronger additive binding on {111} compared to {110}. The mean crystal dissolution rates of {110} and {111} faces of urea in ethanolic solutions are found to increase with respect to the degree of undersaturation, with the dissolution behaviour being mechanistically consistent with the growth behaviour. The mean crystal dissolution rates of both faces in acetonitrile are very similar to each other, and to the dissolution rate of the {110} face in ethanol. The dissolution rate of the {111} face in ethanol is found to be faster than that of the other faces. Rationalising this behaviour with computational molecular modelling reveals a higher wetting energy of {111} compared to {110}. Dissolution modelling based on the experimental data, were consistent with boundary layer thicknesses of 0.5μm and 0.3μm for the same undercoolings for ethanol and acetonitrile, respectively. These values are smaller than expected but are consistent with modelling data. The relative solubilities of paracetamol are higher in acetonitrile than in fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF). The crystal habit of paracetamol in solution is ii found to exhibit five equivalent morphologically significant faces, giving rise to a prismatic crystal. The mean crystal dissolution rates of these faces are found to increase with respect to degree of undersaturation in acetonitrile, with the dissolution rates of all faces being very similar. The mean crystal dissolution rate of these faces is found to increase with respect to temperature in FeSSIF, with the dissolution rates of the faces being similar. The dissolution rates in acetonitrile and FeSSIF are rationalised through prediction of the intermolecular interactions. Dissolution modelling revealed the boundary layer thicknesses to be 0.3μm and 0.1μm for acetonitrile and FeSSIF, respectively. This might reflect the greater number of binding sites of water compared to acetonitrile, as well as the assumption that water is a representative probe for FeSSIF. The importance of this work in enhancing the quality of dissolution testing is also highlighted, notably, the utility of relating dissolution properties at the single particle level to the same material as it progresses throughout the drug product processing cycle