Human-to-Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus Old Virus with a New Face

The outbreak of Monkeypox was declared a public health emergency of worldwide concern by WHO following the (COVID-19) pandemic. The number of reported cases of both suspicion and confirmation has increased in recent years, from over 19,000 between 2000 and 2019 to over 15,600 between 2021 and 2022, and day by day the cases of monkeypox have been reported in 12 member states to three WHO regions. As of May 21, 2022, 92 confirmed cases of monkeypox and 28 suspected cases had been reported to the WHO from more than 12 countries. By the 21st of June 2022, a total of 2677 confirmed cases had been recorded from the UK and other European and non-European countries. According to an extensive literature survey, the total number of registered cases of MPXV was 59,147 between January 2022 to September 14th, 2022, demonstrating that MPXV can spread significantly amongst people and may as a result pose a serious threat to public health with international repercussions. In clade II MPXV virus is currently occurring outside of Africa the WHO reported 25,047 confirmed cases as of August 2nd, 2022. Here, we review current better understanding, and studies on monkeypox, including its history, current scenario, epidemiology, causative agent, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, limitations, and the new face of monkeypox, its unusual outbreak attributed to the transformation of transmission and also discussed case studies is discussed in this article

Nanovaccines: A game changing approach in the fight against infectious diseases

The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven to be a valuable pawn in this novel technology. Nanovaccines are made up of nanoparticles that are associated with or prepared with components that can stimulate the host's immune system. In addition to their delivery capabilities, the nanocarriers have been demonstrated to possess intrinsic adjuvant properties, working as immune cell stimulators. Thus, nanovaccines have the potential to promote rapid as well as long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity. The nanovaccines have several possible benefits, including site-specific antigen delivery, increased antigen bioavailability, and a diminished adverse effect profile. To avail these benefits, several nanoparticle-based vaccines are being developed, including virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, lipid nanoparticles, emulsion vaccines, exomes, and inorganic nanoparticles. Inspired by their distinctive properties, researchers are working on the development of nanovaccines for a variety of applications, such as cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases. Although a few challenges still need to be overcome, such as modulation of the nanoparticle pharmacokinetics to avoid rapid elimination from the bloodstream by the reticuloendothelial system, The future prospects of this technology are also assuring, with multiple options such as personalised vaccines, needle-free formulations, and combination nanovaccines with several promising candidates