Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Associations of mutually exclusive categories of physical activity and sedentary time with markers of cardiometabolic health in English adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the Health Survey for England

Categorical associations with markers of cardiometabolic health (beta coefficients (99 % CIs)). Table S1 - Sensitivity analyses showing the weighted mutually exclusive behavioural category prevalence [n; %]. Table S2 - Sensitivity analyses showing the categorical associations with markers of cardiometabolic health (beta coefficients (99 % CIs)). (DOCX 47 kb

Associations of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity and body mass index with glycated haemoglobin within the general population: a cross-sectional analysis of the 2008 Health Survey for England.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the associations of objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and body mass index (BMI) with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in a national sample of English adults. METHODS: The 2008 Health Survey for England data were used with 1109 participants aged ≥18 providing complete data. MVPA time was assessed using an accelerometer. Weighted linear regression models, adjusted for several confounders, quantified the associations between continuous measures of MVPA and BMI with HbA1c. Interaction analyses were implemented to observe whether the association of MVPA with HbA1c was modified by BMI or vice versa. Further weighted linear regression models examined the differences in HbA1c across four mutually exclusive categories of MVPA and BMI: (1) 'physically active and non-obese', (2) 'physically active and obese', (3) 'physically inactive and non-obese' and (4) 'physically inactive and obese'. 'Physically active' was defined as: ≥150 min/week of MVPA. 'Obese' was defined as: BMI ≥30.0 kg/m(2). A wide range of sensitivity analyses were also implemented. RESULTS: Every 30 min/day increment in MVPA was associated with a 0.7 mmol/mol (0.07% (p<0.001)) lower HbA1c level. Each 1 kg/m(2) increment in BMI was associated with a 0.2 mmol/mol (0.02% (p<0.001)) higher HbA1c level. The association of MVPA with HbA1c was stronger in obese individuals (-1.5 mmol/mol (-0.13% (p<0.001))) than non-obese individuals (-0.7 mmol/mol (-0.06% (p<0.001))); p=0.004 for interaction. The association of BMI with HbA1c remained stable across MVPA categories. Compared with individuals categorised as 'physically inactive and obese', only those categorised as 'physically active and obese' or 'physically active and non-obese' had lower HbA1c levels by 2.1 mmol/mol (0.19% (p=0.005)) and 3.5 mmol/mol (0.32% (p<0.001)), respectively. Sensitivity analyses indicated robustness and stability. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasises the importance of physical activity as a determinant of HbA1c, and suggests that the associations may be stronger in obese adults

Predictors of the acute postprandial response to breaking up prolonged sitting

PurposeTo identify predictors of favourable changes to postprandial insulin and glucose levels in response to interrupting prolonged sitting time with standing or light intensity physical activity.MethodsData were combined from four similarly designed randomised acute cross-over trials (n=129; BMI range 19.6 to 44.6kg/m2; South Asian=31.0%; dysglycaemia=27.1%). Treatments included: prolonged sitting (6.5hours) or prolonged sitting broken-up with either standing or light-intensity physical activity (5 minutes every 30 minutes). Time-averaged postprandial responses for insulin and glucose were calculated for each treatment (mean±95% CI). Mutually adjusted interaction terms were used to examine whether anthropometric (BMI), demographic (age, sex, ethnicity (white European vs. South Asian)) and a cardiometabolicvariable (HOMA-IR) modified responses.ResultsPostprandial insulin and glucose were reduced when individuals interrupted prolonged sitting with bouts of light physical activity, but not with standing. Reductions in time-averaged postprandial insulin were more pronounced if individuals were South Asian compared with white European (-18.9mU/L (-23.5%) vs. -8.2mU/L (-9.3%)), female compared to male (-15.0mU/L (-21.2%) vs. -12.1mU/L (-17.6%)) or had a BMI ≥27.2kg/m2 (-20.9mU/L (-22.9%) vs. -8.7mU/L (-18.2%)). Similarly, being female (-0.4mmol/L (-0.6mmol/L, -0.2mmol/L) (-6.8%) vs. –0.1mmol/L (-0.3mmol/L, 1mmol/L) (-1.7%)) or having a BMI ≥27.2kg/m2 (-0.4mmol/L (-0.6mmol/L, -0.2mmol/L) (-6.7%) vs. –0.2mmol/L (-0.4mmol/L, 0.0mmol/L) (-3.4%)) modified the postprandial glucose response. No significant interactions were found for HOMA-IR or age.ConclusionBeing female, South Asian or having a higher BMI, all predicted greater reductions in postprandial insulin, while being female and having a higher BMI predicted greater reductions in postprandial glucose when sitting was interrupted with light physical activity. These results could help to guide personalised interventions in high-risk participants for whom breaking prolonged sitting time with light activity may yield the greatest therapeutic potential.</div