Aggregation of Votes with Multiple Positions on Each Issue

We consider the problem of aggregating votes cast by a society on a fixed set of issues, where each member of the society may vote for one of several positions on each issue, but the combination of votes on the various issues is restricted to a set of feasible voting patterns. We require the aggregation to be supportive, i.e. for every issue $j$ the corresponding component $f_j$ of every aggregator on every issue should satisfy $f_j(x_1, ,\ldots, x_n) \in \{x_1, ,\ldots, x_n\}$. We prove that, in such a set-up, non-dictatorial aggregation of votes in a society of some size is possible if and only if either non-dictatorial aggregation is possible in a society of only two members or a ternary aggregator exists that either on every issue $j$ is a majority operation, i.e. the corresponding component satisfies $f_j(x,x,y) = f_j(x,y,x) = f_j(y,x,x) =x, \forall x,y$, or on every issue is a minority operation, i.e. the corresponding component satisfies $f_j(x,x,y) = f_j(x,y,x) = f_j(y,x,x) =y, \forall x,y.$ We then introduce a notion of uniformly non-dictatorial aggregator, which is defined to be an aggregator that on every issue, and when restricted to an arbitrary two-element subset of the votes for that issue, differs from all projection functions. We first give a characterization of sets of feasible voting patterns that admit a uniformly non-dictatorial aggregator. Then making use of Bulatov's dichotomy theorem for conservative constraint satisfaction problems, we connect social choice theory with combinatorial complexity by proving that if a set of feasible voting patterns $X$ has a uniformly non-dictatorial aggregator of some arity then the multi-sorted conservative constraint satisfaction problem on $X$, in the sense introduced by Bulatov and Jeavons, with each issue representing a sort, is tractable; otherwise it is NP-complete

On the Computational Complexity of Non-dictatorial Aggregation

We investigate when non-dictatorial aggregation is possible from an algorithmic perspective, where non-dictatorial aggregation means that the votes cast by the members of a society can be aggregated in such a way that the collective outcome is not simply the choices made by a single member of the society. We consider the setting in which the members of a society take a position on a fixed collection of issues, where for each issue several different alternatives are possible, but the combination of choices must belong to a given set $X$ of allowable voting patterns. Such a set $X$ is called a possibility domain if there is an aggregator that is non-dictatorial, operates separately on each issue, and returns values among those cast by the society on each issue. We design a polynomial-time algorithm that decides, given a set $X$ of voting patterns, whether or not $X$ is a possibility domain. Furthermore, if $X$ is a possibility domain, then the algorithm constructs in polynomial time such a non-dictatorial aggregator for $X$. We then show that the question of whether a Boolean domain $X$ is a possibility domain is in NLOGSPACE. We also design a polynomial-time algorithm that decides whether $X$ is a uniform possibility domain, that is, whether $X$ admits an aggregator that is non-dictatorial even when restricted to any two positions for each issue. As in the case of possibility domains, the algorithm also constructs in polynomial time a uniform non-dictatorial aggregator, if one exists. Then, we turn our attention to the case where $X$ is given implicitly, either as the set of assignments satisfying a propositional formula, or as a set of consistent evaluations of an sequence of propositional formulas. In both cases, we provide bounds to the complexity of deciding if $X$ is a (uniform) possibility domain.Comment: 21 page

Sparticle Spectrum Constraints

The supersymmetric standard model with supergravity-inspired soft breaking terms predicts a rich pectrum of sparticles to be discovered at the SSC, LHC and NLC. Because there are more supersymmetric particles than unknown parameters, one can write down sum rules relating their masses. We discuss the pectrum of sparticles from this point of view. Some of the sum rules do not depend on the input parameters and can be used to test the consistency of the model, while others are useful in determining the input parameters of the theory. If supersymmetry is discovered but the sum rules turn out to be violated, it will be evidence of new physics beyond the minimal supersymmetric standard model with universal soft supersymmetry-breaking terms.Comment: 25 pages. NUB-3067-93TH, UFIFT-HEP-93-16, SSCL-Preprint-439, June 199

Eligibility for bariatric surgery among adults in England: analysis of a national cross-sectional survey.

This study aimed to determine the number eligible for bariatric surgery and their sociodemographic characteristics.We used Health Survey for England 2006 data, representative of the non-institutionalized English population.The number of people eligible for bariatric surgery in England based on national guidance is unknown. The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence criteria for eligibility are those with body mass index (BMI) 35-40 kg/m(2) with at least one comorbidity potentially improved by losing weight or a BMI > 40 kg/m(2).Of 13,742 adult respondents (≥18 years), we excluded participants with invalid BMI (n = 2103), comorbidities (n = 2187) or sociodemographic variables (n = 27) data, for a final study sample of 9425 participants.The comorbidities examined were hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease and osteoarthritis. Sociodemographic variables assessed included age, sex, employment status, highest educational qualification, social class and smoking status.5.4% (95% CI 5.0-5.9) of the non-institutionalized adult population in England could meet criteria for having bariatric surgery after accounting for survey weights. Those eligible were more likely than the general population to be women (60.1% vs. 39.9%, p<0.01), retired (22.4% vs. 12.8% p<0.01), and have no formal educational qualifications (35.7% vs. 21.3%, p<0.01).The number of adults potentially eligible for bariatric surgery in England (2,147,683 people based on these results and 2006 population estimates) far exceeds previous estimates of eligibility. In view of the sociodemographic characteristics of this group, careful resource allocation is required to ensure equitable access on the basis of need

Dynamics of subpicosecond dispersion-managed soliton in a fibre: A perturbative analysis

A model is studied which describes a propagation of a subpicosecond optical pulse in dispersion-managed fibre links. In the limit of weak chromatic dispersion management, the model equation is reduced to a perturbed modified NLS equation having a nonlinearity dispersion term. By means of the Riemann--Hilbert problem, a perturbation theory for the soliton of the modified NLS equation is developed. It is shown in the adiabatic approximation that there exists a unique possibility to suppress the perturbation-induced shift of the soliton centre at the cost of proper matching of the soliton width and nonlinearity dispersion parameter. In the next-order approximation, the spectral density of the radiation power emitted by a soliton is calculated.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, to appear in J. Mod. Optic

Perception Factors, Intentions and Attitudes with Market Community Participation to Prevent Occupational Diseases

An Occupational Disease was a disease caused by work or work environment. One of the efficient and effective strategies for controlling Occupational Disease was the empowerment and participation of the community called Occupational Health Unit (Pos UKK) in the workplace. Based on the data of market health inspection in Pos UKK Imogiri market in March 2017, there were only 67 participants (19.17%) from 365 invited people.: The purpose of this research was to know the internal factors with the community participation in Pos UKK Imogiri market Bantul. This research was a quantitative analytic research with cross sectional design. The population was 365 people and the sample was 150 respondents. The sampling used purposive sampling technique. Kendall Tau test showed that there was a relation between perception and community participation (p value &lt;0.05, r = 0.677); Intentions related to community participation (p value &lt;0.05 r = 0.486); Attitudes related to community participation (p value &lt;0.05 , r= 0.802). F test result showed that the variables of Perception, Intentions and Attitudes related simultaneously to community participation (F value = 387.41&gt; F table = 2.67). The dominant independent variable was Attitudes with the highest Standard Beta Coefficient value was 0.776. Perceptions, Intentions and Attitudes related both partially and simultaneously to community participation; the independent variable that had dominant influence was Attitudes

Small deviations of iterated processes in space of trajectories

We derive logarithmic asymptotics of probabilities of small deviations for iterated processes in the space of trajectories. We find conditions under which these asymptotics coincide with those of processes generating iterated processes. When these conditions fail the asymptotics are quite different

Information complexity of the AND function in the two-Party, and multiparty settings

In a recent breakthrough paper [M. Braverman, A. Garg, D. Pankratov, and O. Weinstein, From information to exact communication, STOC'13] Braverman et al. developed a local characterization for the zero-error information complexity in the two party model, and used it to compute the exact internal and external information complexity of the 2-bit AND function, which was then applied to determine the exact asymptotic of randomized communication complexity of the set disjointness problem. In this article, we extend their results on AND function to the multi-party number-in-hand model by proving that the generalization of their protocol has optimal internal and external information cost for certain distributions. Our proof has new components, and in particular it fixes some minor gaps in the proof of Braverman et al

Breastfeeding and Medications

Abstract: Taking medications during breastfeeding is common and physicians are usually asked about the safety of prescribed medicines, herbal medications, or tobacco and alcohol consumption during lactation. Safety of medications during breastfeeding is related to maternal factors, neonatal factors and the type of medication, In the case of necessity of taking medication for the mother, there are ways to minimize neonate’s exposure to the medication. In this article, drugs have been classified according to the different diseases and their safety or side effects in lactation have been discussed. Keywords: Breastfeeding, Pharmaceutical preparations » XM