Forma: Force reconstruction via maximum-likelihood-estimator analysis

We propose an algorithm to retrieve the conservative and non-conservative components of a force field acting on a Brownian particle from the analysis of its displacements with important advantages over established techniques

FORMA and BEFORE: Expanding applications of optical tweezers

We introduce two methods based on statistical inference to calibrate optical tweezers. Both outperform well-established methods and cover a broader application field, including non-conservative force fields and out of equilibrium systems

High-performance reconstruction of microscopic force fields from Brownian trajectories

The accurate measurement of microscopic force fields is crucial in many branches of science and technology, from biophotonics and mechanobiology to microscopy and optomechanics. These forces are often probed by analysing their influence on the motion of Brownian particles. Here we introduce a powerful algorithm for microscopic force reconstruction via maximum-likelihood-estimator analysis (FORMA) to retrieve the force field acting on a Brownian particle from the analysis of its displacements. FORMA estimates accurately the conservative and non-conservative components of the force field with important advantages over established techniques, being parameter-free, requiring ten-fold less data and executing orders-of-magnitude faster. We demonstrate FORMA performance using optical tweezers, showing how, outperforming other available techniques, it can identify and characterise stable and unstable equilibrium points in generic force fields. Thanks to its high performance, FORMA can accelerate the development of microscopic and nanoscopic force transducers for physics, biology and engineering