Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Leaves: Mechanical Antinociceptive Properties of a Standardized Dried Extract and Its Chemical Markers

Seeking to develop a new analgesic phytomedicine, a spray-dried extract (SDE) of Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. leaves was developed in scale up (5 kg). The SDE was standardized at 3% w/w in relation to the flavonoid 2′′-O-rhamnosylswertisin. The SDE batches were evaluated in relation to their physical, physiochemical, and pharmacological characteristics. The results demonstrated the reproducibility of the scale up SDE process which, when dosed orally, reduced carrageenan-induced mechanical hypernociception, with an ID50% of 443 mg/kg. Similar results were obtained with animals injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), in which SDE caused inhibition of 48 ± 4%. SDE was effective in preventing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced mechanical hypernociception (inhibition of 26 ± 10% and 33 ± 3%, at 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively). Swertisin and 2′′-O-rhamnosylswertisin isolated from the own extract were effective in inhibiting the hypernociceptive response induced by carrageenan (70 ± 2% and 50 ± 5%, resp.). Furthermore, 2′′-O-rhamnosylswertisin was capable of significantly inhibiting the mechanical sensitization induced by CFA or PGE2, with inhibitions of 25 ± 3% and 94 ± 6%, respectively. These results suggest that the effects of SDE are related, at least in part, to the presence of these flavonoids

A Parabolised Stability Equation based Broadband Shock-Associated Noise Model

International audienceWavepacket models have been used extensively to predict the noise produced from turbulent subsonic and supersonic jets. Such wavepackets, which represent the organised structures of the flow, are solutions to the linearised Navier-Stokes equations. Using a kinematic two-point model, Wong et al. [1] have indicated the importance of incorporating coherence decay in modelling broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) in supersonic jets. In this work, we aim to improve the model by using solutions from linear parabolised stability equations (PSE) to model the wavepacket part of the BBSAN source. The two-point coherence of the wavepackets is obtained from large-eddy simulation (LES) data of a M j = 1.5 fully-expanded isothermal supersonic jet [2]. The aim is to build a dynamic sound-source model for BBSAN that would improve on the simplified line-source model proposed by Wong et al. [3]. We find that a frequency dependent coherence decay length scale is important in order to suppress the higher-order harmonic peaks [4] and to obtain the correct BBSAN peak shape. Moderate agreement up to St = 1 was found between the current noise predictions and those from experimental data. I. Nomenclature ω = wavepacket frequency θ = azimuthal coordinate c s n = amplitude coefficient of the shock cells G = Green's function k s = shock-cell wavenumber k h = hydrodynamic wavenumber L = longitudinal extent of wavepacket L c = coherence length of wavepacket m = azimuthal mode number M j = ideally-expanded Mach number r = radial coordinate u s = shock cell velocity fluctuation u t = wavepacket fluctuationŝ u * ω = velocity fluctuations at a frequency ω x = axial coordinat

Strategic entrepreneurship: observations from the practices of cachaça certification / O empreender estratégico: reflexões a partir de práticas de certificação de cachaça

Purpose: This work seeks to achieve two central goals: 1. identifying entrepreneurial praxis and understanding how they promote the involvement of different individuals in the certification of alembic cachaça and; 2. understanding how those praxis may entail changes in the strategies of an organization. Originality/value: The present discussion contributes to the debate regarding the fields of Entrepreneurship as Practice and Strategy as Practice, especially by exploring the gaps in both approaches through the theories of practice. Furthermore, the results serve as a reference for business development in the field of alembic cachaça. Design/methodology/approach: A case study was performed in an organization that manufactures alembic cachaça located in the state of Minas Gerais. For that matter, data were collected through interviews, observation rounds and documental sources that presented information on the dynamics of the actors involved (practitioners) regarding their engagement in cachaça certification practices. The data were collected through the method of thematic analysis. Findings: Results show that the practitioners in this organization were engaged in entrepreneurial practices for cachaça certification. Those activities also promoted significant changes in the productive and commercial practices previously established. Through the case studied, it was possible to understand the relationship between the webs of entrepreneurial praxis and the practices performed by the practitioners inside the organization as well as the engagement in other strategic practices, especially through the process of cachaça certification. Objetivo: Este trabalho tem os seguintes objetivos: 1. identificar práxis empreendedora e compreender como esta pode promover o engajamento de diferentes indivíduos em práticas de certificação de cachaça de alambique; e 2. compreender como esta práxis pode implicar em mudanças na estratégia dessa organização. Originalidade/relevância: A presente discussão contribui para o debate em torno dos campos do empreendedorismo e da estratégia como prática, sobretudo ao explorar lacunas existentes nessas duas abordagens a partir das teorias da prática. Além disso, os resultados servem como referência para o desenvolvimento de negócios no campo da cachaça de alambique. Principais aspectos metodológicos: Foi realizado um estudo de caso em uma organização produtora de cachaça de alambique localizada em um município de Minas Gerais. Nesse sentido, foram coletados dados a partir de entrevistas, etapas de observação e fontes documentais que apresentassem informações acerca da dinâmica dos praticantes em torno de seu engajamento em práticas de certificação de cachaça. Os dados foram analisados a partir do método da análise temática. Síntese dos principais resultados: Os resultados mostram que os praticantes dessa organização se engajaram em práxis empreendedora que, por sua vez, direcionou a práticas de certificação de cachaça. Essas atividades promoveram também mudanças significativas nas práticas estratégicas de produção e comercialização outrora estabelecidas na organização. No caso estudado, foi possível compreender a relação entre malhas de práxis empreendedora e práticas produzidas pelos praticantes da organização e o engajamento em outras práticas estratégicas, especialmente a partir da certificação de cachaça