Effects of Ketamine Gargle for Post-operative Sore Throat, Hoarseness of Voice and Cough Under General Anaesthesia- A Randomised Control Study

Introduction: Majority of the patient undergo endotracheal intubation for various time duration, when given general anaesthesia. Injury in airway mucosa or vocal cords due to endotracheal intubation can be a contributing factor. Ketamine without affecting local healing process has an antiproinflammatory effect as it limits exacerbation of systemic inflammation. Aim: To study the role of ketamine gargles as a pharmacological measure in order to attenuate POST, HOV and cough followed by endotracheal intubation during surgeries under general anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled study was carried out for a duration of 22 months from the institutional ethical committee (Study Approval No. SVIEC/ON/MEDI/ BNPG18/D19046), on 50 patients of American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I and II. They were allocated into two groups of 25 patients. Group (K): ketamine 50 mg in 29 mL 0.9% normal saline and Group (C): 30 mL 0.9% normal saline. Patients were advised to gargle for 30 seconds just 5 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia. Patients were intubated with appropriate size of the endotracheal tube and were extubated when fully awake and conscious. Pateints were shifted to postoperative ward and were kept in propped up position with oxygen. Pateints were assessed at 1,2,4,24 hours for incidence of POST, HOV and cough. Assessment was made as per the 4 point scale grading system. The statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-test, p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: In terms of POST grading in both K and C groups p-value was statistically significant (p<0.05) at 1 and at 2 hours postoperatively. In terms of HOV, in group K voice quality issues were reduced till 24 hours, (p<0.05). In terms of cough, in group K there was a significant reduction in complaints of cough till 4 hours postoperatively, (p<0.05). Conclusion: Ketamine gargles is effective in attenuating POST and cough till 2 hours and HOV till 4 hours postoperatively in patients following endotracheal intubation

Genetic diversity among two native Indian chicken populations using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b DNA barcodes

Background and Aim: India has large varieties (recognized, unrecognized) of native chickens (Desi) scattered throughout the country, managed under scavenging system different from commercial chicken breeds. However, they are less investigated for genetic diversity they harbor. The present study was planned to evaluate genetic diversity among two native chicken populations of North Gujarat (proposed Aravali breed) and South Gujarat (Ankleshwar breed). Aravali chicken, a distinct population with unique characters different from the registered chicken breeds of India is under process to be registered as a new chicken breed of Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods: Two mitochondrial markers, namely, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX I) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes were studied across 10 birds from each population. Methodology included sample collection (blood), DNA isolation (manual), polymerase chain reaction amplification of mitochondrial genes, Sanger sequencing, and purification followed by data analysis using various softwares. Results: Haplotype analysis of the COX I gene unveiled a total eight and three haplotypes from the Aravali and Ankleshwar populations, respectively, with haplotype diversity (Hd) of 92.70 % for the Aravali and 34.50% for the Ankleshwar breed. Haplotype analysis of the Cyt b gene revealed a total of four haplotypes from the Aravali population with 60% Hd and no polymorphism in Ankleshwar breed. The phylogenetic analysis uncovered Red Jungle Fowl and Gray Jungle Fowl as prime roots for both populations and all domestic chicken breeds. Conclusion: Study findings indicated high genetic variability in Aravali chicken populations with COX I mitochondrial marker being more informative for evaluating genetic diversity in chickens