Influência da calagem no estado nutricional da laranjeira 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck.) cultivada em argissolo dos tabuleiros costeiros.

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Guia prático para a adubação da laranjeira com base em análises de solo e folha.

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Mineral composition of pollen using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

Pollen collected by honey bees (bee pollen) is promoted as a health food supplement with a wide range of nutritional and health beneficial properties. While honey is an important source of proteins for the bee colony, pollen is the bees' main source for other important nutrients, such as minerals, fats, fibers, carbohydrates, and other substances. The composition of pollen is rather variable and depends on the botanical origin of the pollen. In this work we studied the mineral content of bee pollen of three botanical origins (Cistus ladanifer L., Rubus ulmifolius Schott, and Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) and two geographic sites in the central Portugal (Caniçal and Vale Grande). Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used for the determination of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc. Prior to ICP-AES measurement, the samples were mineralized by treatment with HNO3 and H2O2 at 100 °C until complete digestion. The analyzed elements presented levels corresponding to the usual reference range [1]. The concentrations of micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) presented characteristic profiles which differed between the three plant species, but where similar in the two geographic areas. The main minerals observed for R. ulmifolius and C. vulgaris were Fe and Mn, and Zn for C. ladanifer. Heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) were present at low concentrations (Table 1), indicating that there were no sources of contamination. In conclusion, the determination of micronutrients in pollen could be suitable for the identification of botanical species. The investigation of element profile, in combination with modern statistical data evaluation techniques, can be a promising approach to identify the botanical source of pollen.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Populational fluctuation and spatial distribution of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera; Tenebrionidae) in a poultry house, Cascavel, Parana state, Brazil.

Abstract Knowledge of the population fluctuation and spatial distribution of pests is fundamental for establishing an appropriate control method. The population fluctuation and spatial distribution of the Alphitobius diaperinus in a poultry house in Cascavel, in the state of Parana, Brazil, was studied between October, 2001 and October 2002. Larvae and adults of the lesser mealworm were sampled weekly using Arends tube traps (n = 22) for six consecutive flock grow-outs. The temperature of the litter and of the poultry house was measured at the same locations of the tube traps. Beetle numbers increased continuously throughout all the sampling dates (average 5,137 in the first week and 18,494 insects on the sixth week). Significantly greater numbers of larvae were collected than adults (1 to 20 times in 95% of the sampling points). There was no correlation between temperature and the number of larvae and adults collected, therefore no fluctuation was observed during the sampling period. The population growth was correlated to litter re-use. The highest temperatures were observed in deep litter. The spatial distribution of larvae and adults in the poultry house was heterogeneous during the whole period of evaluation. Results suggest that monitoring in poultry houses is necessary prior to adopting and evaluating control measures due to the great variability of the insect distribution in the poultry house. Keywords: lesser mealworm, poultry house, temperature, population dynamicbitstream/item/78871/1/ID-27879.pd

Hymenoptera pollinator effect on environment

There are several studies reporting the evidence that pollinators are declining as a result of local and global environmental degradation. Operation Pollinator is an international biodiversity program, supported by Syngenta, to boost the number of pollinating insects on commercial farms. It works by creating specific habitats, tailored to local conditions and native insects. The aim of this work is to increase the ecological suitability of pollinator populations through improves food availability for pollinator employing strategies for surrounding landscape. Two cherry orchards, located in Fundão, Portugal, were studied: one was installed a patch meadow with flowery prairie with the purpose of increasing pollinator’s number; other with poor native biodiversity. It was identified the main groups of insects visiting the cherry blossoms and the surrounding flora, during the flowering cherry trees. This review was conducted through observation and analysis of pollen in pollinator’s nests, artificially placed in the orchards in order to evaluate the visiting flowers. There was a greater number of pollinating insects in the orchard with higher biodiversity and it was found that insects visited other flora along with the cherry blossoms. The Hymenoptera identified belong to genus: Andrena; Apis; Eucera; Tropinota; Anthophora; Osmia; Xylocopa. The orchard where haven’t been installed the patch meadow, shows a lower number of visiting insects as well as lower species variability. The increasing of pollinators protects the environment and increases the fruit production and quality. The findings of the sweeter fruit, with the increased number and diversity of insects leads to the conclusion that the environment benefits from the increase in pollinators with more balanced environment, it's a winning environment for everyone. The conservation of pollinator habitat can also enrich overall biodiversity and the ecosystem services, protect soil and water qualityinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Chemical composition of bee pollen

Bee pollen, usually used as an important source of nutrients and micronutrients for the young bees in the hive, is also an important food for humans. This product is very rich in proteins, lipids, free sugars, carbohydrates, and it contains trace amounts of minerals, phenolic acids, flavonoids and a good range of vitamins. A brief look at bee pollen composition, it is easily recognised that it is a balanced food that can be used as a stand-alone food or as a nutritional supplement or even as a medicinal product. Several bioactivities, due to some of these compounds, were studied in bee pollen samples from different floral sources and the results conduce to important properties. The amount and diversity of micronutrients could induce vast benefits if used for health purposes following a complete risk assessment. Nevertheless, the results pointing towards the encouraged use of bee pollen, the risk assessment of some floral species containing toxic compounds has not been fully studied to insure the safety of consumption for all the gathered flowers, so this will also be discussed in this chapter. Admiration for its goodness and medicinal properties, bee pollen has been consumed for centuries, however, currently the efficacy and safety for all consumed products, foods, supplements or medicines is an important tool to guarantee correct quality control and essential to add value to the product. To summarise, in this chapter we will put the situation of gaps in bee pollen research into some kind of perspective, outlining some important points and discussing in more depth the implications of collecting samples, chemical composition and risk assessment.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Reabilitação urbana : abordando práticas sustentáveis

O ambiente urbano construído carece atualmente de novas considerações e entendimentos sobre o seu potencial. Para isto é necessário compreender quais são as necessidades e prioridades no desenvolvimento das urbes de modo a traçar uma estratégia de intervenção coincidente com as necessidades das populações. De maneira a inverter a tendência dos centros urbanos cada vez mais amorfos, pensa-se que a reabilitação é hoje em dia encarada como uma espécie de possível solução capaz de contribuir para a redução do impacte ambiental e também como oportunidade de investimento financeiro. No desenvolvimento do presente artigo, procura-se entender através da abordagem a esta tendência - relacionada com os aspetos económicos, sociais e ambientais espelhados nos princípios sustentáveis - de que maneira podem a sustentabilidade e a reabilitação do espaço construído caminhar no mesmo sentido contribuindo para um crescimento social, económico e ambiental. É ainda abordado neste artigo como referência a uma digna prática sustentável, o recente caso de regeneração urbana do Parque Olímpico planeado e pensado para receber o evento Londres2012, devido às opções tomadas e à implementação de medidas na reabilitação, reconstrução e revitalização dos espaços construídos

Urban rehabilitation towards sustainability

The sustainable concern is nowadays reflected in construction, reconstruction and rehabilitation of the building and how it can contribute to a lower environmental impact. Is intended to understand how the culture expressions forms, by the (re)construction and, of architectural styles in their inherent periods, is able to transform implicitly with creativity in the evolution of cities and societies. To reverse the amorphous urban area situation, it is necessary to intervene with sustainable geniality based on particular policies and strategies to regenerate the built space contributing to a sustainable social, economical and environmental growth and development. Why rehabilitate? What is the weight of rehabilitation on sustainability? These are some questions seeking an answer approach on the development of this paper. It is further developed as a sustainable city reference, the city of Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, due to the implementation of reconstruction and rehabilitation policies and measures environmentally viable

Honey sugars analysis by ion chromatography method with Integrated Pulsed Amperometric Detection (IPAD)

Glucose and fructose are the most important monosaccharides in honey, these sugars combined in various forms comprise the di- and trisaccharide fractions of floral honey. Frutose/glucose ratio can influence the flavor of honey since fructose is sweeter than glucose. Honeys with higher fructose/glucose ratios remain liquid for longer periods. Several Chromatographic methods have been used to evaluate the sugar content of honey, although the Integrated Pulsed Amperometric Detection (IPAD) only recently became to be used. In order to characterize the sugar content in honey from different botanical origins a Dionex ICS3000 ion chromatograph was used. Separation was performed in a column “CarboPacTM PA20 3x150mm”, with a precolumn “CarboPacTM PA20 3x30mm”. Electrochemical detector in Integrated Pulsed Amperometric Detection (IPAD) mode was used. The elution was performed with a gradient with two NaOH solutions (10 and 200 mM). Standard solutions of glucose, fructose and sucrose, were used to identify and quantify the individual sugar components in the honey samples. The method showed a good separation between the compounds (resolution> 3.3 and more than 9000 theoretical plates). The response was linear in the range (0.05 to 1.00 mg/L for fructose and glucose and 0.01 to 0.20 mg/L for sucrose). The detection limits were 0.014 mg/L for glucose, 0.007 mg/L for fructose and 0.003 mg/L for sucrose. Twenty six monofloral honey samples from Erica, Citrus, Lavandula and Eucalyptus were tested. 5,000 g of each honey sample was diluted to 1 mg/L and filtered with a 0.45 m polypropylene filter prior to HPLC analysis. The results show that the fructose/glucose ratios are in accordance with the different honeys analyzed and the HPLC-IPAD is a good methodology to determine the sugar content in honey, with low solvent consumption and residues