VMWare e tecniche di virtualizzazione: un caso di studio

Il lavoro svolto da Fabrizio Amici ha suscitato immediatamente il mio interesse in primo luogo perché quando si parla di virtualizzazione con vari fornitori e commerciali, questi la indicano come una soluzione che possa coprire a 360 gradi le esigenze di un Datacenter. Questo è vero nella misura in cui il progetto di virtualizzazione e consolidamento dei Server sia svolto sotto certi criteri progettuali. Per esperienza personale non ho trovato in letteratura lavori che potessero fornire indicazioni approfondite sui parametri da considerare per una corretta progettazione di sistemi di virtualizzazione, spesso ci si avvale di vari fornitori che accennano ad eventuali criticità. Un lavoro come quello proposto da Fabrizio va esattamente nella direzione di rispondere a quelle domande che nascono quando si affronta la tematica della virtualizzazione e soprattutto cerca di capire quali siano i limiti intrinseci della virtualizzazione. In particolare nei vari confronti che, con piacere, ho avuto con Fabrizio, il mio suggerimento è stato quello di esasperare il sistema che aveva assemblato, caricando i test sino ad osservarne i limiti. Dai vari test sono emerse sia conferme, sia inaspettati comportamenti del sistema che rendono ancora più chiaro che solo una prova sperimentale può essere il banco di prova di un sistema complesso. L'elemento che colpisce maggiormente analizzando i risultati è il diverso comportamento in funzione delle CPU utilizzate. I risultati indicano chiaramente che le prestazioni sono fortemente influenzate da come si distribuiscono i core nelle macchine virtuali. Dalla lettura dei risultati viene confermato che i sistemi virtualizzati devono essere progettati per non raggiungere il 70-80% della componente più critica (RAM, CPU) ma anche che sono fortemente sensibili alle disponibilità prestazionali dei sistemi al contorno (Rete, SAN/Dischi). L'approccio metodico sperimentale ed i risultati forniscono una serie di elementi che permettono di affrontare la tematica della virtualizzazione in un quadro generale più solido, offrendo fra l'altro spunti di ricerca ulteriori anche in previsione di nuove soluzioni che vari costruttori, sviluppatori e system integrator proporranno nei prossimi anni. Ing. Massimiliano Casali Esperto di Gestione ICT, Pubblica Amministrazione,Repubblica di San Marin

A UAS System for Observing Volacanoes and Natural Hazards

Fixed or rotary wing manned aircraft are currently the most commonly used platforms for airborne reconnaissance in response to natural hazards, such as volcanic eruptions, oil spills, wild fires, earthquakes. Such flights are very often undertaken in hazardous flying conditions (e.g., turbulence, downdrafts, reduced visibility, close proximity to dangerous terrain) and can be expensive. To mitigate these two fundamental issues--safety and cost--we are exploring the use of small (<100kg), relatively inexpensive, but effective, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for this purpose. As an operational test, in 2004 we flew a small autonomous UAV in the airspace above and around Stromboli Volcano. Based in part on this experience, we are adapting the RAVEN- INGV system for such natural hazard surveillance missions. RAVEN- INGV has a 50km range, with a 3.5m wingspan, main fuselage length of 4.60m, and maximum weight of 56kg. It has autonomous flight capability and a ground control station for mission planning and control. It will carry a variety of imaging devices, including a visible camera, and an IR camera. Such flexible, capable, and easy-to-deploy UAV systems may significantly shorten the time necessary to characterize the nature and scale of the natural hazard threats if used from the outset of, and systematically during, natural hazard events. When appropriately utilized, such UAVs can provide a powerful new hazard mitigation and documentation tool for civil protection hazard responders. This research was carried out under the auspices of the Italian government, and, in part, under contract to NASA at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

In-flight calibration system of imaging x-ray polarimetry explorer

The NASA/ASI Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, which will be launched in 2021, will be the first instrument to perform spatially resolved X-ray polarimetry on several astronomical sources in the 2-8 keV energy band. These measurements are made possible owing to the use of a gas pixel detector (GPD) at the focus of three X-ray telescopes. The GPD allows simultaneous measurements of the interaction point, energy, arrival time, and polarization angle of detected X-ray photons. The increase in sensitivity, achieved 40 years ago, for imaging and spectroscopy with the Einstein satellite will thus be extended to X-ray polarimetry for the first time. The characteristics of gas multiplication detectors are subject to changes over time. Because the GPD is a novel instrument, it is particularly important to verify its performance and stability during its mission lifetime. For this purpose, the spacecraft hosts a filter and calibration set (FCS), which includes both polarized and unpolarized calibration sources for performing in-flight calibration of the instruments. In this study, we present the design of the flight models of the FCS and the first measurements obtained using silicon drift detectors and CCD cameras, as well as those obtained in thermal vacuum with the flight units of the GPD. We show that the calibration sources successfully assess and verify the functionality of the GPD and validate its scientific results in orbit; this improves our knowledge of the behavior of these detectors in X-ray polarimetry

Calibration of the IXPE instrument

IXPE scientific payload comprises of three telescopes, each composed of a mirror and a photoelectric polarimeter based on the Gas Pixel Detector design. The three focal plane detectors, together with the unit which interfaces them to the spacecraft, are named IXPE Instrument and they will be built and calibrated in Italy; in this proceeding, we will present how IXPE Instrument will be calibrated, both on-ground and in-flight. The Instrument Calibration Equipment is being finalized at INAF-IAPS in Rome (Italy) to produce both polarized and unpolarized radiation, with a precise knowledge of direction, position, energy and polarization state of the incident beam. In flight, a set of four calibration sources based on radioactive material and mounted on a filter and calibration wheel will allow for the periodic calibration of all of the three IXPE focal plane detectors independently. A highly polarized source and an unpolarized one will be used to monitor the response to polarization; the remaining two will be used to calibrate the gain through the entire lifetime of the mission

IXPE instrument integration, testing and verification

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) is a scientific observatory with the purpose of expand observation space adding polarization property to the X-ray source's currently measured characteristics. The mission selected in the context of NASA Small Explorer (SMEX) is a collaboration between NASA and ASI that will provide to observatory the instrumentation of focal plane. IXPE instrument is composed by three photoelectric polarimeters based on the Gas Pixel Detector (GPD) design, integrated by INFN inside the detector unit (DU) that comprises of the electrical interfaces required to control and communicate with the GPD. The three DUs are interfaced with spacecraft through a detector service unit (DSU) that collect scientific and ancillary data and provides a basically data handling and interfaces to manage the three DUs. AIV has been planned to combine calibration of DUs and Instrument integration and verification activities. Due the tight schedule and the scientific and functional requirements to be verified, in IAPS/INAF have been assembled two equipment's that work in parallel. The flight model of each DU after the environmental tests campaign was calibrated on-ground using the Instrument Calibration Equipment (ICE) and subsequently integrated in the instrument in the AIV-T process on a AIV and Calibration Equipment (ACE), both the facilities managed by Electrical Ground Support Equipment (EGSE) that emulate the spacecraft interfaces of power supply, functional and thermal control and scientific data collection. AIV activities test functionalities and nominal/off-nominal orbits activities of IXPE instrument each time a calibrated DU is connected to DSU flight model completing step by step the full instrument. Here we describe the details of instrumentation and procedures adopted to make possible the full integration and test activities compatibly with calibration of IXPE Instrument

The IXPE Instrument Calibration Equipment

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer is a mission dedicated to the measurement of X-ray polarization from tens of astrophysical sources belonging to different classes. Expected to be launched at the end of 2021, the payload comprises three mirrors and three focal plane imaging polarimeters, the latter being designed and built in Italy. While calibration is always an essential phase in the development of high-energy space missions, for IXPE it has been particularly extensive both to calibrate the response to polarization, which is peculiar to IXPE, and to achieve a statistical uncertainty below the expected sensitivity. In this paper we present the calibration equipment that was designed and built at INAF-IAPS in Rome, Italy, for the calibration of the polarization-sensitive focal plane detectors on-board IXPE. Equipment includes calibration sources, both polarized and unpolarized, stages to align and move the beam, test detectors and their mechanical assembly. While all these equipments were designed to fit the specific needs of the IXPE Instrument calibration, their versatility could also be used in the future for other projects