Rapid Identification of Human Adenoviruses and Cytokine Estimation among Patients with Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis in Babylon Governorate, Iraq

One hundred seventy five conjunctival swabs were collected from patients with keratoconjunctivitis. All swabs were cultured on Blood agar and MacConkey agar , 82 positive bacterial culture isolates were excluded and 93 negative bacterial culture isolates were taken as a study samples. All 93 swabs were subjected to rapid immunochromatography test (IC) test. The results of rapid identification revealed that 79 specimens (84.9%) were found positive for human adenoviruses , whereas 14 specimens (15.1%) were found negative for human adenoviruses. In addition , the results indicated that the positive rate of the IC test for specimens obtained within 1–5 days after of the onset of illness 59 (74.7%) were significantly higher than that for specimens obtained within 6–10 days after of the onset of illness 20 (25.3%) at P-value < 0.05.Tear samples were also collected from both (30) patients and (25) controls to estimate the tear levels of some immune parameters Interleukine-6  (IL-6), Interlukine-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by ELISA (Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay) method .The cytokine profile showed that there is a significant increase (P<0.05) in the mean tear concentration of each (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) between EKC patients and control groups , and the result showed that IL-8 was the predominant cytokine released and followed by IL-6 and TNF-α . Keywords: Adenovirus, Keratoconjunctivitis, Immunochromatography test, Cytokin

A review of airborne contaminated microorganisms associated with human diseases

Biological contaminants refer to environmental contamination and food source with living microorganisms such as bacteria, molds, viruses, and fungi, in addition to mites, house dust, and pollen. Temperature, relative humidity, movement of air, and sources of nutrients have influenced the presence and spread of biological contaminants. Numerous living microorganisms can grow independently on each other, such as bacteria and fungi. Viruses (a small obligate parasite) depend on other living organisms for their development and for performing vital functions. Indoor air can contaminate with biological contaminants by a different status, including living, dead, or debris of the dead microorganisms which were transported through ventilation systems, when the microorganism components dissolve in water. They become aerosolized when the contaminants are physically disturbed, like in renovation or construction, and when the contaminants discharge harmful gases into the indoor environment. Most studies conducted in recent years agree that air pollution rates are increasing, bringing more risks to human health, as pollution is related to the risk of heart and lung disease and its effect on children, especially infants and newborns. Also, environmental pollution may have become the most dangerous disaster faced by humans, because it means environment retrogradation in which humans lives as a result of an imbalance within the compatibility of the constituent elements and loses its ability to carry out its natural role in self-removal of contaminants by the natural factors noticeable within air, land, and water. In some cases, many common infections can spread through airborne contaminated microorganisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, measles virus (MV), influenza virus, Morbillivirus, chickenpox virus, norovirus, enterovirus, less commonly coronavirus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). When an infected person coughs, talks, sneezes, has throat secretions, and releases nasal into the air, the airborne infection can spread. Bacteria or viruses spread out noticeably in the air or ground and transport to other persons or surfaces. This review provides the conception of biological contaminants and their properties, nature of the indoor environment, and adverse health effects associated with biological contaminants