Golden cut-oriented q-rung orthopair fuzzy decision-making approach to evaluation of renewable energy alternatives for microgeneration system investments

This study aims to find an appropriate system for microgeneration energy investments and identify optimal renewable energy alternatives for the effectiveness of these projects. In this context, a model is constructed by multi stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (M-SWARA) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) with q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFSs) and golden cut. At the first stage, five different systems are weighted for the effectiveness of the microgeneration energy investments. Secondly, four different renewable energy alternatives are ranked regarding the performance of these projects. In addition, a comparative analysis is also implemented with intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) and Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs). The findings are the same in all different fuzzy sets that demonstrates the reliability of the findings. It is determined that grid-connected with battery backup is the most important system choice. On the other hand, solar energy is the most appropriate alternative for microgeneration system investments. Grid-connected system should be implemented for the performance of the microgeneration projects. Hence, providing a sustainable access to the electricity can be possible. Sufficient amount of electricity may not be obtained from wind and solar energy because of the climate changes. In this process, grid-connected system can handle this problem effectively

Efficient concatenated trellis code and coordinate interleaved orthogonal designs for OFDM

 Bu çalışmada, OFDM için yüksek başarımlı sıralı kafes kodlar ve bileşen serpiştirmeli dik tasarımlar (TC-CIOD) önerilmektedir. OFDM’in başarımını arttırmak için bileşen serpiştirici ve kafes kod birlikte kullanılmıştır. Sistemde kullanılan bileşen serpiştirici, işaret uzayı çeşitlemesi sağlamakta ve geniş bantlı kanallarda sistemin kod sözcük hata olasılığı (CER) başarımını iyileştirmektedir. İki verici antenli durumda, önerilen sistemin kod sözcük çiftleri arasındaki ikili hata olasılığı (PEP) çözümlenmiş ve elde edilen sonuçlardan sistemin tam uzaysal ve yüksek çok-yollu çeşitleme kazancı sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Eş kafes kullanıldığında, TC-CIOD kodlar, Gong ve Letaief (2003)'in önerdiği çift-simge serpiştirmeli sıralı kafes kod ve uzay-zaman blok kodlara (TC-STBC) göre dört kat fazla çeşitleme kazancına erişebilmektedir. Gong ve Letaief (2003) tarafından önerilen TC-STBC sistemde kafes kod ile STBC arasındaki serpiştirici göz ardı edildiğinden elde edilen sonuçlar kafes kod çıkışındaki simgelerin çiftler halinde serpiştirildiği duruma eşdeğerdir. Bu referans sistem için çift-simge serpiştirmeli TC-SBTC isimlendirmesi kullanılmıştır. Serpiştiricinin TC-STBC’nin erişebildiği çeşitleme kazancı üzerindeki etkisini ortaya çıkarmak için, çift-simge serpiştirmeli TC-STBC durumunda geçerli olan sonuçlar, simge serpiştirmeli duruma genişletilmiştir. PEP çözümlemesi sonuçları kullanılarak yapılan ve kod sözcük hata olasılığı üst sınırını enküçülten bilgisayar destekli kafes kod aramayla, TC-CIOD için eniyileştirilmiş 4, 8, 16, ve 32-durumlu 2/3 kodlama oranlı 8-PSK kafes kodlar belirlenmiştir. Bilgisayar destekli benzetim sonuçlarına göre 4, 8, 16 ve 32-durumlu kafes kod kullanıldığında önerilen TC-CIOD sistemi, referans TC-STBC'ye (Gong ve Letaief, 2003) göre 10-3’lük CER'de, sırasıyla, yaklaşık 10.7 dB, 10.2 dB, 4.8 dB ve 4.2 dB  ek işaret-gürültü oranı (SNR) kazancı sağlamaktadır. TC-STBC ile karşılaştırıldığında, önerilen sistemin sağladığı yüksek SNR kazancı, kodlama ve kod çözme işlem karmaşıklığındaki küçük bir artışla mümkün olmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: OFDM, uzay-zaman kodlama, çok-yollu çeşitleme, bileşen serpiştirme.On rising demand for high quality, mobility and data rate, a considerable effort has been given to develop robust coding techniques for wideband channels. Significant achievements are obtained with multiantenna communications and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). After the work of Agrawal et al. (1998), the application of Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) to OFDM was suggested by Lee and Williams (2000). Afterwards, the efforts to increase the performance of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) OFDM systems are ongoing. The MIMO OFDM system performance is primarily affected by achieved diversity, and there is a tradeoff between rate, diversity and constellation size. Hence, the only way to increase the diversity in a wideband channel, with unlimited number of channel taps,  fixed number of transmit and receive antennas, fixed bandwidth, and bandwidth efficiency, is to extend the constellation of the signals modulating OFDM subcarriers and to encode through these subcarriers. Such systems achieving multipath diversity in wideband channels are the Linear Constellation Precoded (LCP) OFDM and the concatenated LCP and STBC (LCP-STBC) OFDM proposed by Liu et al. (2003; 2002). It is further possible to achieve multipath diversity by trellis encoding through OFDM subcarriers. Such system is the serial concatenated outer convolutional code and LCP-STBC (SC-LCP-STBC) proposed by Wang et al. (2003). The high computational complexity of Maximum Likelihood (ML) sphere decoder (Damen et al., 2000) used with LCP-STBC and turbo decoder used with SC-LCP-STBC leads to a search for techniques with lower decoding complexities. The concatenation of an outer trellis code and STBC (TC-STBC) for OFDM proposed by Gong and Letaief (2003) is an effective coding technique with simple Viterbi decoding. In this system the 8-PSK trellis codes (Jamali and Le-Ngoc, 1991; Schlegel and Costello, 1989) designed for fast fading channels are involved. Gong and Letaief (2003) showed that TC-STBC has superior performance compared to the other trellis coded MIMO OFDM systems (Agrawal et al., 1998; Lu and Wang, 2000). On the other hand, coordinate interleaving (Boulle and Belfiore, 1992; Jelicic and Roy, 1994), applied to MIMO OFDM by Rao et al. (2004), is a powerful technique providing diversity by extending the considered signal constellation. Additionally, the single symbol decodability of Coordinate Interleaved Orthogonal Designs (CIOD) is an important feature ensuring low decoding complexity.In this paper, we propose a concatenated outer trellis code and CIOD (TC-CIOD) OFDM system for high-speed wireless transmission. Our system combines a coordinate interleaver and trellis code to boost the MIMO OFDM performance.The coordinate interleaver provides signal space diversity and improves the Codeword Error Rate (CER) performance of the system in wideband channels. The pairwise error probability analysis of the new system for two transmit antennas shows that the system provides full spatial and multipath diversity, and the TC-CIOD achieves diversity as high as SC-LCP-STBC (Wang et al., 2003) and nearly four times greater than TC-STBC system (Gong and Letaief, 2003), while still preserving the advantage of simple ML Viterbi decoding. To clarify the effect of interleaver selection on the achieved diversity of TC-STBC, we extend the results given by Gong and Letaief (2003), where a two-symbol interleaver is con-sidered between the trellis code and STBC, to the symbol interleaver case, which doubles the achieved diversity of TC-STBC. We further show that the coordinate interleaved TC-CIOD doubles the achieved diversity of symbol interleaved TC-STBC. To optimize the performance of TC-CIOD, the trellis design criteria are derived by codeword error probability analysis, and new 4, 8, 16 and 32-state rate 2/3 8-PSK trellis codes are found by computer based exhaustive search. Finally, the computer simulations are performed to obtain the Codeword Error Rate (CER) performances which show that the proposed system considerably outperforms the existing sys-tems (Gong and Letaief, 2003; Agrawal et al., 1998; Lee and Williams, 2000; Liu et al., 2002; Rao et al., 2004). According to the computer simulations, the proposed system outperforms the reference system (Gong and Letaief, 2003) by 10.7 dB, 10.2 dB, 4.8 dB and 4.2 dB in signal-to-noise ratio at the CER of 10-3 when 4, 8, 16 and 32-state trellis codes are employed, respectively, with a modest increase in encoding and decoding complexities. Keywords: OFDM, space-time coding, multipath diversity, coordinate interleaving

DO PARASITES HAVE EFFECTS ON LIVING BEEING'S BEHAVIOR?

Günümüzde parazitler konakları üzerine patolojik ve immunolojik değişiklikler oluşturmanın yanısıra konak davranışı üzerine etkileriyle de dikkat çekmektedirler. Parazitler çoğunlukla kendi çıkarlarına uygun olarak konaklarında davranış değişiklikleri oluşturmaktadırlar. Parazitlerin konak davranışı üzerine etkilerinde nöromodülatör mekanizmaların etkili rol oynadığı ileri sürülmektedir. Bu derlemede; hayvan deneylerinde parazitozların konak üzerinde oluşturdukları davranış değişiklikleri, insanda psikolojik-nörolojik değişikliklere yol açan parazit hastalıklarından örnekler ve psikiatrik bir hastalık olan parazit delüzyonu son literatür bilgileri ışığında gözden geçirilmiştir. In present day studies, parasites are increasingly under focus as agents having behavioral effects on their hosts alongside the more obvious pathological and immunological ones. Parasites exert significant behavioral changes on their hosts mostly in keeping with their own benefits. Studies suggest that the mechanisms which underlie the behavioral effects of parasites are of the neuromodulatory type. In this paper, behavioral changes affected by parasitosis on their hosts as seen in animal models, samples of parasitic diseases that lead to psycho-neurological changes in man and delusions of parasitosis as a psychiatric condition are reviewed in the light of latest research

Complex fuzzy assessment of green flight activity investments for sustainable aviation

The aviation industry harms the environment mainly via the creation of carbon emissions. Hence, action needs to be taken to ensure the environmental sustainability of the aviation industry such as the recycling of waste products, effective waste management and the introduction of energy efficiency measures. However, at the same time, the implementation of improvements to remediate such problems leads to the creation of additional costs for aviation companies. Companies thus need to conduct comprehensive priority analyses regarding the optimum strategy for the sustainability of the aviation industry. However, there is a very limited number of studies in the literature that focused on which approach should be prioritized. Accordingly, this study aimed at the assessment of the viability of investing in so-called green flight measures in the aviation industry, for which a completely original decision-making model was created. Firstly, the various strategic priorities were weighted and the impact-relation directions between them illustrated aimed at the identification of potential influences by means of a multi stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (M-SWARA) methodology that incorporates bipolar q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFSs) and golden cut. Secondly, the various flight activities are ranked, and the potential impacts of these activities determined in terms of the strategic priorities of a sustainable aviation industry employing q-ROF as the elimination and choice translating reality (ELECTRE) technique. All the calculations were also computed with intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) and Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) aimed at verifying the validity of the findings. The analysis concluded that while energy efficiency comprises the most important factor in terms of strategic priority investment for the circular economy-based aviation industry, emergency response makes up the most crucial activity in the industry. Operational efficiency must be prioritized to decrease the amount of fuel consumed, in connection with which flight routes should be planned according to current weather conditions, which would serve to shorten flight times and, thus, help to increase energy efficiency. Such an approach would make a positive contribution to minimizing carbon emissions aimed at ensuring the sustainability of the aviation industry

Measuring the impact of board gender and cultural diversity on corporate governance and social performance: Evidence from emerging markets

This study examines the effects of gender and cultural diversity of boards on the corporate governance and social performance of 373 companies listed in 24 emerging country markets over the period of 2010–2019 using panel data analysis. A two-step system GMM model is also applied to test the endogeneity problem. The results indicate that gender and cultural diversity positively affect corporate governance performance. While we note that social performance is positively associated with both gender and cultural diversity, this relationship is insignificant. The findings offer multidimensional insights for companies, policy makers, and stakeholders to promote the association between gender and cultural diversity initiatives and corporate sustainability dimensions in emerging markets

Analysis of solar module alternatives for efficiency-based energy investments with hybrid 2-tuple IVIF modeling

The purpose of this study is to examine optimal solar module investments. Firstly, key determinants of the performance of solar energy investments are evaluated by DEMATEL method with the 2-tuple IVIF sets. Moreover, the cell material alternatives for solar module investments are also ranked. For this purpose, an evaluation has been made by 2-tuple IVIF TOPSIS. The contributions of the paper are performing a priority analysis to understand the most significant factors to increase solar energy projects and creating an original model by the integration of DEMATEL and TOPSIS with the 2-tuple IVIF sets. The findings denote that crystalline silicon is the optimal solar panel module to increase the performance of these projects. In the short term, government subsidies can provide cost advantages to solar energy investors. It is not a very continuous practice to try to increase these projects only with government supports. The costs of solar energy projects should be reduced to solve this problem permanently. Owing to new technological developments, high cost problem of solar energy investments can be handled more successfully.European Commission ; Russian Science Foundatio

Analysis of environmental priorities for green project investments using an integrated q-rung orthopair fuzzy modeling

Green energy projects contribute to sustainable economic development of countries with the employment of environmentally friendly energy production strategies. However, environmental priorities should be examined for this situation. Therefore, priority analysis should be executed for the environmental issues while implementing green investment projects. Accordingly, this study aims at proposing a unique decision-making model based on orthopair fuzzy sets and the golden cut degrees for the environmental priorities of green project investments. The main novelty of the study stems from its proposed integrated model by equipping the Multi-SWARA, and TOPSIS based on the q-ROFSs technique with the golden cut. A set of criteria is identified for measuring the green projects’ environmental priorities while several project alternatives are also determined with the supporting literature. Appropriately, the extensions of Multi-SWARA and TOPSIS methods have been applied for weighting and ranking the factors, respectively, in the integrated approach. Additionally, a comparative evaluation is performed with the help of VIKOR method to rank the alternatives. Besides, the sensitivity analysis is applied to illustrate the coherency of the weighting results in the decision-making approach. Accordingly, 5 cases are considered to measure the effects of changing weight results. It is defined that this model is coherent and could be extended for further studies. It is concluded that the reduction of emissions is the most essential item for the environmental priorities of green project investments. Pollution control, waste management and eco-friendly transportation activities are the most critical alternatives. Therefore, this study recommends that investors of green projects should prioritize the strategies of minimizing carbon emissions problem. In this context, investing in renewable energy technologies will help green project investors solve this problem.WOS:0007974148000012-s2.0-8513083050

Assessing the electricity production capacities of emerging markets for the sustainable investments

It is essential to supply the necessary electricity for both the increase in the quality of life of the citizens and the stable growth of the country’s economy. For countries to have energy independence, they need to increase their electricity generation capacity. However, all alternatives required to increase electrical capacity have both advantages and disadvantages. Within this scope, it is not easy for countries to make the right investment decisions. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis is needed to determine the right investment policy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the electricity production capacities of emerging markets. A new fuzzy decision-making model has been constructed to find a solution for this situation. The groups for the electricity production capacities are examined by the extension of DEMATEL with Quantum Spherical fuzzy sets and golden ratio. In the following stage, emerging seven economies are ranked by using QSF TOPSIS technique. This situation helps to understand which of these countries are more successful in generating electricity capacity effectively. The main novelty is to define the most significant electricity generation alternatives by a novel model that integrates DEMATEL and TOPSIS with QSFSs and golden ratio. The results demonstrate that solar photovoltaic is the most optimal way to increase electricity capacity of the countries. Additionally, China is the most successful emerging country to generate electricity in an efficient way. Countries should take some actions to increase their solar energy investments. First, it would be appropriate to provide tax exemptions to solar energy investors so that the costs of these projects can be decreased. Additionally, investments in solar energy technologies need to be further increased