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Not AvailableThe objective of this study was to investigate 18 tree leaves for methane production potential, degradability and rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro. The higher concentrations (P<0.01) of total phenolics were noted in Prosopis cineraria (99.7 g kg−1), Acacia tortilis (89.4 g kg−1) and Psidium guajava (89.3 g kg−1), non-tannin phenolics in A. tortilis (36.6 g kg−1) followed by Syzygium cumini (26.0 g kg−1), total tannins in P. cineraria (82.1 g kg−1) and P. guajava (74.3 g kg−1), and condensed tannins in A. tortilis (47.2 g kg−1), P. guajava (46.6 g kg−1) and P. cineraria (43.2 g kg−1). Among the 18 leaves, methane production expressed as ml g−1 degradable organic matter (OM) was lower (P<0.01) for Acacia nilotica (12.6 ml), P. cineraria (12.9 ml), Ficus religiosa (13.9 ml), S. cumini (13.8 ml) and Azadirachta indica (13.7 ml) than other tree leaves. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was greater (P<0.01) for Tamarindus indica, followed by Acacia nilotica and lowest for S. cumini. Degradability of dry matter (DM) was higher (P<0.01) for Moringa oleifera, Acacia senegal, Acacia excelsa, Morus alba, A. indica and F. religiosa (77–83%), and lowest for Bambusa sp. (45%) and Ficus benghalensis (52%). Microbial biomass production was lowest for Bambusa sp. leaves and higher (P<0.01) for S. cumini, A. tortilis, A. nilotica, P. guajava than other leaves. Overall, the leaves of S. cumini, A. indica, F. religiosa and A. nilotica not only produced less methane per unit of degradable OM, but also had generally greater OM degradability and favored production of microbial biomass compared with other leaves. These leaves could be explored for decreasing methane production in small ruminant production systems of tropical developing countries.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe bacteriocin-zrx01 produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus zrx01 was purified, its basic biochemical characteristics and bacterial antibacterial sensitivity were studied. The bacteriocin-zrx01 was separated and purified using ethyl acetate, AKTA purifier™ 10 protein purifier with HiTrap™ Capto™ Q anion exchange chromatography and Superdex™ 75 10/300 GL gel chromatography. The purity of bacteriocin-zrx01 was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. The sensitivity to temperature, pH and enzymes of the purified bacteriocin-zrx01 was measured as the diameter of the antimicrobial ring. The results showed that the purified bacteriocin-zrx01 bacterial antibacterial activity was good, and the specific vitality was raised from the original fermentation broth at 625 to 5330 AU/mg. The bacteriocin-zrx01 had a higher stability at pH 3–9, and the antibacterial activity was the strongest at pH 4. When pH was 9, it still retained 86% of the antibacterial activity of the control group. Bacteriocin-zrx01 was cold-stable at −70 and −20 °C for 30 min. It still retained 57% antimicrobial activity compared with the control after being autoclaved at 121 °C for 30 min. Some enzymes, such as protease K, neutral protease, trypsin, thrombin, alkaline protease and papain, affected its antibacterial activity, but it was sensitive to pepsin, and the diameter of the antimicrobial ring decreased by 50% after 2 h of pepsin treatment. These results showed that the bacteriocin-zrx01 produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus zrx01 might have a potential as a natural food preservative, although in vivo studies are needed.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableImmensely and unremitting rise in cost of fertilizers bound us to review the different management practices including utilizing crop residues and green manuring with some new findings, which can enhance soil fertility and lower the burden of high cost of cultivation. Approximately 500–550 million tonnes (Mt) crop residues are generated through different crops every year in the country. Traditionally crop residues have various uses such as animal feed, fodder, fuel, roof thatching, packaging and composting. It is estimated that one tone rice residues contains 6.1 kg nitrogen (N), 0.8 kg phosphorus (P), and 11.4 kg potassium (K). Nevertheless, a large part of the residual harvest being handle inappropriately, which fragile the world's food–production and contribute to undesirable bio–spheric changes. Such malpractices are common in developing countries, where only a small amount of residue are being recycled, while unacceptably large amounts are burned. Green manure crops are another important source for recycling of plant nutrients. Incorporation of one tonneSesbania aculeatagreen matter approximately accumulated 30.3 kg N, 7.0 kg P and 13.0 kg K ha–1. Generally farmers are unaware about systematic utilization of crop residues and green manure crops and their usefulness in maintaining soil nutrient balance and overall health, because of which either they keep out themselves from these practices or unable to perform appositely. In this article, efforts were made to quantify residue production by different crops as well as green manure crops, their nutrient compositions, decomposition mechanism of residues in soil and finally we explained the ways and means for crop residue management and green manuring practices for efficient nutrient recycling, supported with findings from our research.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe study provides local perceptions on the regional challenge caused by jellyfish hindrances in fishing operations and the potential causes of abnormal jellyfish swarming along the Gujarat coast, India. A semistructured questionnaire framework was used along with an enumeration-based schedule to collect the data during 2017-2020. The data were collected through surveys and interviews from different fishing units along the Gujarat coast. The results have shown that distant fishing and need of extra hauls to be the highest impacted factors followed by increased fish sorting time, reduced fish catches, clogging of fishing gears, prevention of fishing in some cases, and mild painful stings. There was no significant difference in views on jellyfish hindrances (p> 0.05; Kruskal-Wallis test) among the respondents operating the trawlers, gillnetters and bag-netters. However, it has a high degree of impact and hence necessitated the need for prioritizing the potential causes of abnormal swarming namely overfishing followed by climate change, eutrophication, translocation, and habitat modifications. By this study, we propose to use the precautionary principles (based on prioritized ranking for management actions) to manage the harmful jellyfishes and simultaneously harvest the useful jellyfishes as the general approach in dealing with jellyfishes in the northern Arabian Sea along the Gujarat coast, India.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe transplanted puddled rice (TPR) is a water, labour and energy intensive practice, and also emits vast amount of green-house gasses (GHG), particularly methane. The water guzzling nature of TPR and escalating labour prices drives towards the search for alternative methods of rice production. Among different methods of rice cultivation, direct-seeded rice (DSR) received much attention in this way; however, major constraints in DSR are identified as poor crop establishment, weed infestation, nematode occurrence and imbalanced nutrient and faulty water management practices. This paper summarises the improved production technologies for DSR viz. precision levelling, early-maturing varieties, seed priming, effective water, nutrient and weed management. It is evident from the review that grain yield, water productivity and net income could be enhanced by laser land levelling as compared to traditional levelling. Alternate wetting and drying method of irrigation in DSR resulted in less water requirement without any yield penalty. Application of Pendimethalin @1 kg a.i. /ha as pre-emergence followed by post-emergence application of bispyribac sodium @ 25g a.i./ha recorded higher grain yield and better weed control efficiency. Use of Trichoderma viride@ 2.5 kg/ha was found effective to control nematode infestation in DSR. Moreover, compared to TPR, DSR had less methane emission and global warming potential. Thus, DSR is a feasible alternative to TPR with a good potential to save water, reduce labour requirement, and to mitigate the climatic risks in Indian agriculture.Not Availabl

(In) Book: Trends in arid zone research in India.Eds: Amal Kar, BK garg, MP Singh and S Kathju

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