Algorithm for Applying 3D Printing in Prototype Realization – Case: Enclosure for an Industrial Pressure Transmitter

Additive manufacturing technology helped many organizations to save money in the product design process by reducing prototype costs, and also by providing a means for early evaluation and decision making. The idea of this paper is to design an electronics enclosure for an intelligent industrial pressure transmitter, using the additive technology. All enclosure elements are made on a 3D printer WANHAO duplicator i3 plus, using PLA materials. The enclosure realization, from CAD drawings to the finished model, enables a designer to correct existing errors, or make certain modifications as required by end-users. A process is described that enables designers to review their decisions at any stage of product realization, thus providing much more freedom in rapid prototyping. In this example, the advantages and disadvantages of additive manufacturing over conventional manufacturing are outlined. Some deficiencies have also been observed, such as mechanical damage to surfaces, burning of surfaces, tearing of prints, and surface roughness. To mitigate such irregularities, both mechanical and chemical finishing methods were used. The example confirmed that the finishing methods can affect the final enclosure dimensions and shape. Further prototype development should focus more on print quality, which depends on the shape of surfaces, the accuracy of the geometry, the uniformity of structure and shape, material density, and the resolution of details.Proceedings of the International Conference of Experimental and Numerical Investigations and New Technologies, CNNTech 2020, vol 153, June 29 – July 02, Zlatibor, Serbia

A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands.

We discovered a highly virulent variant of subtype-B HIV-1 in the Netherlands. One hundred nine individuals with this variant had a 0.54 to 0.74 log <sub>10</sub> increase (i.e., a ~3.5-fold to 5.5-fold increase) in viral load compared with, and exhibited CD4 cell decline twice as fast as, 6604 individuals with other subtype-B strains. Without treatment, advanced HIV-CD4 cell counts below 350 cells per cubic millimeter, with long-term clinical consequences-is expected to be reached, on average, 9 months after diagnosis for individuals in their thirties with this variant. Age, sex, suspected mode of transmission, and place of birth for the aforementioned 109 individuals were typical for HIV-positive people in the Netherlands, which suggests that the increased virulence is attributable to the viral strain. Genetic sequence analysis suggests that this variant arose in the 1990s from de novo mutation, not recombination, with increased transmissibility and an unfamiliar molecular mechanism of virulence