334 research outputs found
STUDIES ON THE "BROWNING REACTION" OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS. III. ON THE ACTION OF UREA IN THE HEATED UREA-LACTOSE SYSTEM WITH REFERENCE TO THE HEATED BROWNING MILK.
STUDIES ON THE "BROWNING REACTION" OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS. I. ON THE INDICATOR SPRAY FOR UREA IN FILTER PAPER PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY
ON THE PRESENCE OF THE SECONDARILY FORMED KETOSE IN EVAPORATED MILK (STUDIES ON AMINO-CARBONYL REACTION OF MILK PRODUCTS. XVIII)
STUDIES ON THE "BROWNING REACTION" OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS II. SOME FACTORS IN THE "BROWNING REACTION" OF HEATED SKIM MILK
STUDIES OF ANTIOXYGENIC ACTION OF VITAMIN C ON THE CONSTITUENTS OF DRIED WHOLE MILK II. EFFECT OF MUCH ADDED VITAMIN C
Visualisation of cerebrospinal fluid flow patterns in albino Xenopus larvae in vivo
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It has long been known that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), its composition and flow, play an important part in normal brain development, and ependymal cell ciliary beating as a possible driver of CSF flow has previously been studied in mammalian fetuses <it>in vitro</it>. Lower vertebrate animals are potential models for analysis of CSF flow during development because they are oviparous. Albino <it>Xenopus laevis </it>larvae are nearly transparent and have a straight, translucent brain that facilitates the observation of fluid flow within the ventricles. The aim of these experiments was to study CSF flow and circulation <it>in vivo </it>in the developing brain of living embryos, larvae and tadpoles of <it>Xenopus laevis </it>using a microinjection technique.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The development of <it>Xenopus </it>larval brain ventricles and the patterns of CSF flow were visualised after injection of quantum dot nanocrystals and polystyrene beads (3.1 or 5.8 μm in diameter) into the fourth cerebral ventricle at embryonic/larval stages 30-53.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The fluorescent nanocrystals showed the normal development of the cerebral ventricles from embryonic/larval stages 38 to 53. The polystyrene beads injected into stage 47-49 larvae revealed three CSF flow patterns, left-handed, right-handed and non-biased, in movement of the beads into the third ventricle from the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius). In the lateral ventricles, anterior to the third ventricle, CSF flow moved anteriorly along the outer wall of the ventricle to the inner wall and then posteriorly, creating a semicircle. In the cerebral aqueduct, connecting the third and fourth cerebral ventricles, CSF flow moved rostrally in the dorsal region and caudally in the ventral region. Also in the fourth ventricle, clear dorso-ventral differences in fluid flow pattern were observed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This is the first visualisation of the orchestrated CSF flow pattern in developing vertebrates using a live animal imaging approach. CSF flow in <it>Xenopus </it>albino larvae showed a largely consistent pattern, with the exception of individual differences in left-right asymmetrical flow in the third ventricle.</p
STUDIES OF ANTIOXYGENIC ACTION OF VITAMIN C ON THE CONSTITUENTS OF DRIED WHOLE MILK I. EFFECT OF HYDROQUINONE AND cis-ISOSAFROEUGENOL
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