Downward Mobility From the Middle Class: Waking Up From the American Dream

Examines trends in Americans falling out of the middle class, ranking 20 or more percentiles below their parents, or earning 20 percent or more below their parents' real income, and contributing factors across race/ethnicity and gender

Job Placement Agencies and the Low-Skill Labor Market

Based on a survey of employers, assesses the use of different types of agencies to fill low-skill jobs, the types of jobs commonly filled, and employers' experiences with agencies, including the quality of the applicants and the challenges they face

Understanding the Demand Side of the Low-Wage Labor Market

Presents findings from a survey of employers on their less-skilled labor needs: who hires whom and how; with what requirements, wages, benefits, results, and factors for promotion; and what policies would help job seekers without a college education

Entry-Level and Next-Step Jobs in the Low-Skill Job Market

Based on a survey of employers, compares entry-level and next-step jobs in the non-college job market in terms of compensation, tasks, needed skills, employer types, and hiring methods. Considers how employment programs can help people get next-step jobs

Making Work Pay Enough: A Decent Standard of Living for Working Families

Outlines the needs of low-income working families in meeting everyday living expenses, and proposes reforms and policy initiatives that would both increase incomes and purchasing power and reduce expenditures, especially housing costs

Job Differences by Race and Ethnicity in the Low-Skill Job Market

Based on a survey of employers, examines differences in wages and benefits among African-American/Black, Hispanic/Latino, and white workers in jobs that do not require a college degree. Compares job requirements, ages, education levels, and training

Low-Skill Jobs, Work Hours, and Paid Time Off

Based on a survey of employers, examines the scheduling demands placed on low-skill workers and the availability of sick leave, paid time off, and benefits allowing for the care of family members. Compares benefits for entry-level and next-step jobs

Institutional Influences on strategic entrepreneurial Behaviours

The purpose of this paper is to examine the existence of cross-level moderating effects between national appropriability conditions, individual level predictors and entrepreneurial growth aspirations. We test a multi-level model that connects the determinants of strategic resource allocation decisions at the individual level with the strength of the intellectual property rights regime at the national level. The results suggest that the strengths of the intellectual property regime will moderate negatively the relationship between an individual's education and her growth aspirations and moderate positively the relationship between an individual's income and her growth aspirations. The findings support claims that strategic entrepreneurial behavior cannot be fully understood without giving attention to the context in which those behaviors are observed.strategic entrepreneurship, multi-level analysis, intellectual property protection, growth aspirations

Entrepreneurship, Stages of Development, and Industrialization

Unlike in the past where industrial policy was either focused on creation and growth of state-owned firms or alternatively consisted merely of broadly functional policies without consideration for firm or entrepreneurial specifics, the requirement now is that future industrial policy ought to be a nuanced partnership between entrepreneurs and the state. In this paper we outline some considerations for such an industrial policy where the entrepreneur.state nexus is paramount. Moreover, we argue that such an industrial policy will need to take into consideration that the entrepreneur.state nexus is evolving, and that it depends on the stage of development of a particular country.entrepreneurship, industrialization, structural change, industrial policy, innovation, development

Risk and Recovery: Documenting the Changing Risks to Family Incomes

Based on 1996, 2001, and 2004 data, examines the incidence of incomes of individuals with children falling substantially over a four-month period and the incidence of their recovering to pre-decline levels. Compares data by income quintile