Interface Between Industry 4.0 and Sustainability: A Systematic Review

This paper explores the relationship between the concepts of industry 4.0 and sustainability as a contribution to the development of more sustainable production systems. A systematic review of literature shows the tendency of expansion of this research field as well as integration between sustainability and industry 4.0 emerging technologies

Landfill design: need for improvement of water and soil protection requirements in EU Landfill Directive

This paper deals with environmental policy issues related to a landfill design. The final product of numerous waste treatments should be placed on a landfill. Before waste disposal, the ground should be protected by a mineral layer with properties required by the related regulation. In order to prevent environment pollution, EU adopted the Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC. The most important technical requirements related to the characteristics of the layer material are water permeability and thickness. The performed comparative national regulatory analysis raised the question of the need for more uniform elaboration of the directive requirements over the whole European Union area (including EU candidates). The choice of the material for the impermeable mineral layer, which should be made during landfill design, is a very important decision. Methods for the determination of the permeability coefficient were analysed, showing that the Directive should define hydraulic gradient as a physical quantity and define its value through measurement of the permeability coefficient. The paper analyses whether some parts of the Directive, as landfill design BAT and base for national legislative acts, require further elaboration in order to provide sufficient information about proper protection of soil and water. Using integrated approach, seven amendments on the directive annex I were suggested related to (a) the meaning of the term artificially established geological barrier, (b) layer thickness