SMART GRID ENABLES DEREGULATED POWER SECTOR

This paper provides an overview of the role of Smart-grid in deregulated power sector. This includes the architecture and key feature of smart grid with Advantages, disadvantages and challenges to its adoption in the deregulated power sector. In the Deregulated power sector need of division between generation, transmission and distribution. Due to this market monopoly will be end and actual cost of power will be paid. For the calculation of actual data there is a need of real time data of consumption, generation and consumption. The accelerating installation of renewable electrical power generation has made the lot of requirement for a restructured electrical power system design. On the basis of specific configurations, particular rules and regulation it will then need to be improved. The Smart-grids can meet the price, efficient result, and environmental improvement; and the demand requirements for security, quality, reliability, and availability benefits of location generation, achieved by modern controls and operating. This will also useful for the reduction of CO2 emission. In the deregulated power sector all the calculation of cost depend on the real time data which can be obtained by smart meters and other components of smart grid

CALCULATIONS OF ELECTRICAL POWER COST IN RESTRUCTURED POWER SECTOR: A CASE STUDY

This paper presents different methods for electrical cost of transmission and distribution to its customer through different transactions under restructured environment of Electrical power sector. There are different methods for calculate the cost on the basis of various criteria. In this paper explanation of different methods is given and tries to explain the best of them. There is IEEE 9 bus system is considered for the calculations. For the calculation of rate some transaction assumed on different buses and load is taken. This transaction is used in Megawatt. These transactions are bilateral and free from the direction of power flow direction, reactive and active power both are considered and power factor of the system included. Calculation of the flowing power at the different busses using load flow has been calculated. Load flow calculation provide power flow in transmission line and this power can use for the calculation of the cost of transmission power. After that we can calculate the price of electricity with different transaction on different values and without transaction. Auction system or mechanism is used in restructured electrical power sector for transparent and better than other way to calculate electricity cost

Thermal Radiation from Compact Objects in Curved Space-Time

We highlight here the fact that the distantly observed luminosity of a spherically symmetric compact star radiating thermal radiation isotropically is higher by a factor of (1+zb)2 compared to the corresponding flat space-time case, where zb is the surface gravitational redshift of the compact star. In particular, we emphasize that if the thermal radiation is indeed emitted isotropically along the respective normal directions at each point, this factor of increment (1+zb)2 remains unchanged even if the compact object would lie within its photon sphere. Since a canonical neutron star has zb≈0.1, the actual X-ray luminosity from the neutron star surface could be ∼20% higher than what would be interpreted by ignoring the general relativistic effects described here. For a static compact object, supported by only isotropic pressure, compactness is limited by the Buchdahl limit zb<2.0. However, for compact objects supported by anisotropic pressure, zb could be even higher (zb<5.211). In addition, in principle, there could be ultra-compact objects having zb≫1. Accordingly, the general relativistic effects described here might be quite important for studies of thermal radiation from some ultra-compact objects

Thermal Radiation from Compact Objects in Curved Space-Time

We highlight here the fact that the distantly observed luminosity of a spherically symmetric compact star radiating thermal radiation isotropically is higher by a factor of (1+zb)2 compared to the corresponding flat space-time case, where zb is the surface gravitational redshift of the compact star. In particular, we emphasize that if the thermal radiation is indeed emitted isotropically along the respective normal directions at each point, this factor of increment (1+zb)2 remains unchanged even if the compact object would lie within its photon sphere. Since a canonical neutron star has zb≈0.1, the actual X-ray luminosity from the neutron star surface could be ∼20% higher than what would be interpreted by ignoring the general relativistic effects described here. For a static compact object, supported by only isotropic pressure, compactness is limited by the Buchdahl limit zb2.0. However, for compact objects supported by anisotropic pressure, zb could be even higher (zb5.211). In addition, in principle, there could be ultra-compact objects having zb≫1. Accordingly, the general relativistic effects described here might be quite important for studies of thermal radiation from some ultra-compact objects

ELECTRICITY PRICING IN RESTRUCTURED ELECTRICAL POWER SECTOR

This book present a method for allocating embedded cost of transmission to its consumers through transaction under deregulated environment of power system. There are many methods to calculate the embedded cost in different way and procedures. In this book there are comparison between those methods and try to find the fairest among them. Soft Copy ISBN: “978-93-87901-12-4