Морфология слова как основа типологической характеристики языков

The article deals with the language classification principles proceeding from their morphological features while studying Indo-European inflexion languages.В статье рассматриваются принципы классификации языков на основе морфологических параметров на материале флективных индоевропейских языков

Категория вокатива как периферическое явление БЯС

This article represents the typological analysis of a vocative case category in some modern literary languages of Balkan Peninsula: the Bulgarian, Romanian, and Serbian and in some other modern Slavic literary languages.В статье рассматривается категория вокативности в ряде современных балканских языков (болгарский, румынский, сербский языки)

Эластография в диагностике неалкогольной жировой болезни печени.

Currently, there has been a progressive increase in prevalence of one of the most common diffuse chronic liver diseases ― non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Assessment of the stages of liver fibrosis and steatosis is prognostically significant in diagnosis of NAFLD. Routine diagnostic methods are either not able to accurately assess the severity of fibrosis and steatosis (ultrasound, laboratory tests), or cannot be used as a simple screening tool (liver biopsy) due to such limitations as invasiveness, dependence on pathologist qualification, high cost, and limited region of interest. Over the last two decades, the great progress has been made in non-invasive visualization of pathological changes in liver diseases. In this review, we examined the diagnostic characteristics of the most widely used non-invasive imaging methods in clinical practice, available for quantitative determination of fat and fibrosis in the liver: transient elastography with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) and shear wave elastography (SWE). Comparing these methods and their limitations, we came to conclusion, that elastographic methods (slightly more ARFI and SWE) are able to verify the F3, F4 stages of fibrosis in NAFLD with high sensitivity and specificity (90%); however, they are less accurate for early stages. Elastographic techniques have moderate accuracy in identifying the degree of steatosis due to the lack of uniform standardized cut-off values of CAP.В настоящее время наблюдается рост распространенности одного из самых часто встречающихся диффузных хронических заболеваний печени ― неалкогольной жировой болезни печени. Прогностически значимой в диагностике данного заболевания считается оценка стадий фиброза и стеатоза печени. Обычные методы диагностики либо не способны с высокой точностью оценить выраженность фиброза и стеатоза (ультразвуковое исследование, лабораторные тесты), либо не могут быть использованы в качестве простого скрининга (биопсия печени) вследствие своих ограничений (инвазивность, зависимость от квалификации морфолога, высокая стоимость, ограниченный участок исследования). За последние два десятилетия огромные успехи были достигнуты в неинвазивной визуализации патоморфологических изменений при болезнях печени. В этом обзоре мы изучили диагностические характеристики наиболее широко применяющихся в клинической практике неинвазивных методов визуализации, доступных для количественного определения жира и фиброза в печени: транзиентную эластографию с контролируемым параметром затухания (CAP), акустическое радиационное давление, эластографию сдвиговых волн. Сравнивая вышеперечисленные методы и их ограничения, мы пришли к выводу, что на сегодняшний день эластографические методы (немного в большей степени акустическое радиационное давление и эластография сдвиговых волн) способны с высокой чувствительностью и специфичностью (90%) верифицировать F3-, F4-стадии фиброза при неалкогольной жировой болезни печени, но менее достоверны в отношении ранних стадий. Степени стеатоза распознаются с умеренной точностью, что связано с отсутствием единых стандартизированных пороговых значений CAP

Long-term neurological and behavioral results of biodegradable scaffold implantation in mice brain

The aim of the study was to assess the integral outcomes of implantation biocompatible scaffold as the carrier of neural stem cells in the reconstructive surgery of open traumatic brain injury (TBI) by parameters of neurological and cognitive status of the animals in the experiment. Materials and Methods. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were injured with open-skull weight-drop method. 3D hydrogel scaffold based on modified chitosan in complex with hyaluronic acid was transplanted into the lesion cavity 1 week after TBI. Using a variety of behavioral and cognitive tests (modified neurological severity scores (mNSS), open field test as well as novel object recognition and passive avoidance tests) the short-and long-term neurological and memory functions sequelae induced by TBI were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to visualize the injury site. Results. Significant functional recovery was observed on both the mNSS and open field tests in the scaffold transplantation group compared to the control TBI group. In addition, enhanced improvement of short and long-term memory functions was found 5 months post injury. Magnetic resonance imaging data revealed that the scaffold transplantation result in decreasing of the volume of injury area compared to control TBI group and preventing the disruption of the neural networks of the brain. Conclusion. Taken together, our findings indicated that transplantation of 3D biodegradable scaffold into injury cavity contributed to the preservation of volume in the damaged region in the first months after TBI which in turn led to a better functional recovery in the remote period

Long-term neurological and behavioral results of biodegradable scaffold implantation in mice brain

The aim of the study was to assess the integral outcomes of implantation biocompatible scaffold as the carrier of neural stem cells in the reconstructive surgery of open traumatic brain injury (TBI) by parameters of neurological and cognitive status of the animals in the experiment. Materials and Methods. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were injured with open-skull weight-drop method. 3D hydrogel scaffold based on modified chitosan in complex with hyaluronic acid was transplanted into the lesion cavity 1 week after TBI. Using a variety of behavioral and cognitive tests (modified neurological severity scores (mNSS), open field test as well as novel object recognition and passive avoidance tests) the short-and long-term neurological and memory functions sequelae induced by TBI were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to visualize the injury site. Results. Significant functional recovery was observed on both the mNSS and open field tests in the scaffold transplantation group compared to the control TBI group. In addition, enhanced improvement of short and long-term memory functions was found 5 months post injury. Magnetic resonance imaging data revealed that the scaffold transplantation result in decreasing of the volume of injury area compared to control TBI group and preventing the disruption of the neural networks of the brain. Conclusion. Taken together, our findings indicated that transplantation of 3D biodegradable scaffold into injury cavity contributed to the preservation of volume in the damaged region in the first months after TBI which in turn led to a better functional recovery in the remote period