Distribution of low-power solar flares by brightness rise time

Using data from the international flare patrol for 1972–2010, we have formed an electronic database for more than 123 thousand solar flares. We determined the mean brightness rise time (flash phase) for flare area classes and importance. We show that the mean flash phase increased with increasing area class. For brightness classes this trend is less pronounced. We have found that flares with explosive phase and flares with one brilliant point have the shortest flash phases; two-ribbon flares and flares with several intensity maxima, the longest ones. We have separated 572 cases when the brightness rise time was more than 60 min; 80 % of such ultra-long flares have a shorter brightness decay time (main phase). We have established that low-power flares in terms of developmental features do not differ from large flares. Low-power solar flares, as well as large flares, can be followed by filament activation or disappearance, and can have an explosive phase and several intensity maxima. Two-ribbon flares, white-light flares, and flares covering sunspot umbra can also have low power

CIT Groups of Finite Morley Rank (II)

AbstractWe prove that an infinite simple CIT groups of finite Morley rank is isomorphic to SL2(K) for some algebraically closed field of characteristic 2

Conjugacy in Baumslag's group, generic case complexity, and division in power circuits

The conjugacy problem belongs to algorithmic group theory. It is the following question: given two words x, y over generators of a fixed group G, decide whether x and y are conjugated, i.e., whether there exists some z such that zxz^{-1} = y in G. The conjugacy problem is more difficult than the word problem, in general. We investigate the complexity of the conjugacy problem for two prominent groups: the Baumslag-Solitar group BS(1,2) and the Baumslag(-Gersten) group G(1,2). The conjugacy problem in BS(1,2) is TC^0-complete. To the best of our knowledge BS(1,2) is the first natural infinite non-commutative group where such a precise and low complexity is shown. The Baumslag group G(1,2) is an HNN-extension of BS(1,2). We show that the conjugacy problem is decidable (which has been known before); but our results go far beyond decidability. In particular, we are able to show that conjugacy in G(1,2) can be solved in polynomial time in a strongly generic setting. This means that essentially for all inputs conjugacy in G(1,2) can be decided efficiently. In contrast, we show that under a plausible assumption the average case complexity of the same problem is non-elementary. Moreover, we provide a lower bound for the conjugacy problem in G(1,2) by reducing the division problem in power circuits to the conjugacy problem in G(1,2). The complexity of the division problem in power circuits is an open and interesting problem in integer arithmetic.Comment: Section 5 added: We show that an HNN extension G = < H, b | bab^-1 = {\phi}(a), a \in A > has a non-amenable Schreier graph with respect to the base group H if and only if A \neq H \neq

Resistance of Winter Wheat Seedlings to Short-term Freezing Temperature Influence May be Determined by Activation of Uncoupling Protein and ATP/ADP Antiporter

Aftereffect of freezing temperature (-8 ° C, 1-6 h) on the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), intactness mitochondria, their oxidative and phosphorylating activity and the contribution of uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and ATP/ADP antiporter to linoleate-induced mitochondrial respiration in winter wheat seedlings have been studied. It has been shown that the survival of seedlings during cold exposure is dependent on the activity of pUCP and ATP/ADP antiporter in mitochondria, the function of which under cold stress is probably the regulation of ROS content

Statistical research into low-power solar flares. Main phase duration

This paper is a sequel to earlier papers on time parameters of solar flares in the Hα line. Using data from the International Flare Patrol, an electronic database of solar flares for the period 1972–2010 has been created. The statistical analysis of the duration of the main phase has shown that it increases with increasing flare class and brightness. It has been found that the duration of the main phase depends on the type and features of development of solar flares. Flares with one brilliant point have the shortest main phase; flares with several intensity maxima and two-ribbon flares, the longest one. We have identified more than 3000 cases with an ultra-long duration of the main phase (more than 60 minutes). For 90 % of such flares the duration of the main phase is 2–3 hrs, but sometimes it reaches 12 hrs

Statistical studies of low-power solar flares. Distribution of flares by area, brightness, and classes

An electronic database has been created for 123801 solar flares that occurred on the Sun over the period from 1972 to 2010. It is based on catalogs of the Solar Geophysical Data (SGD) and Quarterly Bulletin on Solar Activity. A software package has been used for statistical data preprocessing. The first results revealed a number of new fea-tures in the distribution of parameters of solar flares, which differ from those obtained previously. We have found that more than 90 % of all solar flares are low-power. The most numerous class comprises SF flares (64 %). Flare activity shows a pronounced cyclicity and high correlation with Wolf numbers. The highest correlation coefficients indicate S and 1 solar flares. There is also a high correlation between individual flare classes: S and 1, 1 and (2–4). The results obtained in [Mitra et al., 1972], which provide evidence of the prevalence of SN solar flares (47 %) and the existence of significant peaks for SN and 1N flares, have not been confirmed. The distribution of the number of solar flares with increasing optical importance smoothly decreases without significant deviations. With increasing optical importance, solar flares are gradually redistributed toward an increase in brightness class. The excess of the number of SN and 1N solar flares present in the distributions obtained in [Mitra et al., 1972] are most likely associated with poor statistics

COMBINED SKIN AND RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS OF ALIMENTARY ALLERGY IN CHILDREN: ETIOLOGY, CLINICS, COMPLEX TREATMENT

The article describes peculiarities of skin and respiratory symptoms of alimentary allergy, main etiological factors and pathogenetical stages of pathology’s formation. Authors present a description of alimentary allergy in different age periods, methods of its diagnostics, treatment of skin and respiratory signs of alimentary allergy.Key words: children, alimentary allergy, atopic dermatitis, respiratory allergy.(Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. 2010;9(2):74-81

THE ROLE OF COMPOUNDS BASED ON HYDROLYZED PROTEIN IN PROPHYLAXIS AND DIET TREATMENT OF ALIMENTARY ALLERGY IN INFANTS

Alimentary allergy in infants occurs because of intolerance to the cow’s milk protein. Infant formulas with hydrolyzed protein are widely used for the prophylaxis and treatment of alimentary allergy in children. The article describes main peculiarities and principles of administration of hypoallergenic infant formulas and formulas based on hydrolyzates of serum proteins or casein. Special attention is given to the nutrients’ role (nucleotides, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids), included into hypoallergenic formulas. The peculiarities and terms of supplementary feeding introduction in patients with alimentary allergy are discussed. Key words: children, alimentary allergy, hypoallergenic formulas, nucleotides, oligosaccharides.(Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. 2010;9(1):150-156

The Tebuconazole-based Protectant of Seeds “Bunker” Induces the Synthesis of Dehydrins During Cold Hardening and Increases the Frost Resistance of Wheat Seedlings

Triazole derivatives are widely used in agriculture for seed protectant of cereals against seed and soil infection. Triazole derivatives can have an effect on the biochemical and physiological functions of plants. The tebuconazole-based protectant of seeds «Bunker» (content of tebuconazole 60 grams per liter, g/L) is a systemic fungicide of preventive and therapeutic action. The effect of the seed treatment by «Bunker» preparation on the shoot growth and cell viability coleoptile, synthesis of dehydrins in shoots and frost resistance etiolated winter and spring wheat seedlings has been studied. It has been shown that treatment of winter and spring wheat seed by «Bunker» preparation induces similar concentration-dependent inhibition of the coleoptiles length. At the recommended dose (0,5 liter per tonne of seeds, L/t) growth inhibition was 28 - 30%, at a concentration of 1 L/t – 33 - 36%, at a concentration of 1,5 L/t – 40 - 42%, at a concentration of 3 L/t – 43 - 47%, at a concentration of 4 L/t – 48 - 51% and at 5 L/t – 53 - 56%. The treatment of wheat seed by «Bunker» preparation had no phytotoxic effect on coleoptile cells in any of the studied concentrations, on the contrary, with increasing concentration of preparation observed the increase in cell viability, as measured by recovery of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. We can assume that having retardant properties, tebuconazole not only inhibits the growth of plants, but also delays their aging. The treatment of seed protectant at a concentration of 1.5 L/t induced synthesis of the dehydrins with molecular masses about 19, 21, 22, 25 and 27 kD in winter wheat shoots and 18,6, 27 and 28,5 kD in spring wheat shoots during cold hardening. Among identified dehydrins the dehydrin of 27 kD is most significantly induced both in winter and spring wheat. The treatment of seed protectant «Bunker» in the same concentration increased the frost resistance of winter and spring wheat seedlings. It is supposed that increasing of cold and frost resistance of winter and spring wheat caused by seed treatment of the tebuconazole-based protectant may be associated with increase of the abscisic acid content – one of the triggers of the low-temperature adaptation of plants. It is concluded that tebuconazole-based protectant of seeds «Bunker» increases the resistance of wheat to low temperature, affecting the growth processes and the synthesis of stress proteins