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Not AvailableAn experiment was carried out at Horticultural College and Research Institute Periyakulam to study the impact of water stress on root architecture in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill). Three popular varieties of south India viz., PKM-1, Arka Vikas and Arka Meghali were taken as study material. The experiment was carried out under controlled irrigation at 50 per cent and 100 per cent field capacity. The data collected at 20th and 40th day after transplanting on root characters such as root weight, root length and root volume revealed that among the three cultivars Arka Vikas and PKM-1 are comparatively tolerant towards water stress at 40 days as compared to Arka Meghali. The variety PKM-1 recorded 2.15 times higher root weight, 1.26 times higher root length, 3.33 times higher root volume at 50% field capacity as compared to 100% field capacity. Similarly Arka Vikas recorded 1.80 times higher root weight, 1.42 times higher root length and 1.66 times higher root volume at 50% field capacity compared to 100% field capacity. The variety PKM-1 which is very popular and commercially grown not only in Tamil Nadu but also in adjoining states has shown higher level of tolerance towards water stress followed by Arka Vikas.Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePhenotyping approaches, using high throughput imaging techniques, are being adopted over the traditional methodologies which are manpower intensive, time consuming and low throughput. However, the effectiveness of high throughput plant phenotyping through imaging in plant phenomics facility essentially requires establishing relationship between plant areas quantified through imaging and the actual biomass. The present study was conducted with an aim to standardise the methodology for digital quantification of tomato biomass using plant phenomics facility. A strong linear relationship was observed between the actual tomato plant fresh mass, digital biomass and projected shoot area. The correlations between plant fresh mass, plant digital biomass and projected shoot area were highly significant at 30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting, but at 75 days no correlation was observed.Hence, the present study clearly demonstrated that the growth of tomato plants could be monitored through digital imaging using either projected shoot area or digital biomass till 60 days after transplanting across genotypes for high throughput phenotyping.ICAR-NICR

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Not AvailableThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the response of six contrasting tomato genotypes to high temperature stress. Tomato genotypes were grown under polytunnel to expose them to high temperature (40 ± 2°C) for ten days after flower initiation. Physiological parameters viz., relative water content (RWC), epicuticular wax content, membrane stability index, lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and specific leaf area were recorded in the leaf samples collected second, fifth and ninth day after imposition of high temperature treatment. Membrane stability index decreased significantly in IIHR-2914, IIHR-2627 and Arka Abha genotypes upon temperature stress as compared to other genotypes. Although, there was no significant difference in RWC during early stages of stress, it was significantly higher in IIHR-2841, IIHR-2202 and IIHR-2745 genotypes at ninth day. Epicuticular wax content increased significantly in genotypes IIHR-2202 and IIHR-2841 compared to other genotypes; whereas, lipid peroxidation increased significantly in genotypes Arka Abha and IIHR-2627. Based on these results, genotypes viz., IIHR-2841 and IIHR-2202 were found to be temperature tolerant, while Arka Abha and IIHR-2914 were comparatively sensitive. The genotypes identified as tolerant to high temperature can act as a potential genetic material for future breeding programs to develop high yielding temperature tolerant varieties.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableWide germplasm diversity and transferability of antioxidant parameters is the primary requirement for the development of high‐antioxidant tomato cultivars. The present study was conducted to screen tomato genotypes including hybrids, varieties, cherry tomatoes, wild species, elite germplasm lines, interspecific hybrids and backcross populations for antioxidant activity and other quality parameters to select high‐antioxidant lines with good total soluble solids (TSS) for further usage in crop improvement programmes.DB

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Not AvailableThe temperature increase above the optimum level cause irreversible damage to plant growth and development. Plants respond to high temperature through acclimation (acquired thermotolerance) by adopting several physiological and biochemical mechanisms to overcome high temperature stress. Hence, the present study was done to evaluate tomato genotypes for their thermo tolerance based on the principle of ‘‘acquired tolerance’’. Four true leaf stage seedlings of fourteen tomato genotypes were subjected to a gradual temperature increase from 33 to 43 °C for 3 h followed by challenging temperature of 45 °C for 3 h. The response of tomato genotypes was assessed by activity of antioxidant enzymes and osmoprotectants. An increase in the activity of SOD, POD and CAT was observed across the genotypes. The accumulation of sugars such as sucrose, inositol, fructose and glucose was higher in all the tomato genotypes subjected to induction treatment. The genotypes Abhinava, Arka Rakshak, Arka Ananya, IIHR-335, IIHR-329 and IIHR-369 showed higher thermo-tolerance with increase in osmoprotectants and by maintaining a strong antioxidant enzyme system.ICAR-NICR

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Not AvailableThe increases in daily mean temperature can have negative impact on different agricultural crops. Tomato being one of the important horticultural crops in India is sensitive to temperature elevations. Although extreme temperature episodes lead t o severe effects, even the mild temperature elevation, which is just above the optimal threshold, can considerably alter crop growth and development. However, no mechanistic studies have been conducted to understand the growth, reproductive development and yield response of popular tomato genotypes under mild temperature elevation (MTE). Hence, the effect of MTE on four selected tomato genotypes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) was examined in temperature gradient tunnel (TGT). The MTE led to reduction in in vitro pollen germination, number of fruits, fruit set per centage, fruit weight, number of leaves, number of branches, plant height, total dry matter accumulation and harvest index. Concurrently, number of trusses, number of flowers and flower abortion were incr eased. The results imply that, even the mild MTE can adversely affect the growth, development and yield of tomato. Based on the maintenance of harvest index and fruit weight per plant under MET, cv. Arka Vikas and advanced breeding line IIHR 2195 are found to be potential candidates with diverse genetic capability to include in breeding programs for developing temperature tolerant cultivars for future climatic conditions.ICAR-NICR

Response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes to elevated temperature

Not AvailableGlobal warming is an important issue threatening agriculture and allied sectors with serious consequences on food production. Tomato being sensitive to temperature would be influenced by elevated temperatures under climate change scenarios. Physiological response of five tomato genotypes, Arka Vikas, Arka Saurabh, Abhinava, RF4A and 2195 to mild elevated temperatures at peak flowering and peak fruiting stages was evaluated in temperature gradient tunnel (TGT) facility. The increase in temperature above the optimal, caused reductions in net photosynthesis rate, transpiration and stomatal conductance with differences in response among the five genotypes. The reductions were large at peak flowering stage compared to peak fruiting stage. The Photochemical efficiency of PSII was also reduced at both peak flowering and fruiting stages due to increase in temperature. At peak fruiting stage, due to increase in temperature, leaf epicuticular wax content increased across the genotypes and higher total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and proline content contributed to increase in leaf osmotic potential. Overall, better performance of germplasm line 2195 and cv. Arka Vikas was observed under elevated temperature.ICAR under NICRA projec

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Not AvailableTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Low productivity in India is due to occurrence of both biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, tomato leaf curl disease, bacterial wilt, early blight and Groundnut Bud Necrosis Virus disease have become serious production constraints causing considerable yield loss in the major tomato growing areas of the country. Adoption of multiple disease resistant varieties or F1 hybrids would be the most appropriate way to address these diseases. At ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru systematic breeding strategies were employed to pyramid genes for resistance to early blight, bacterial wilt and tomato leaf curl diseases and to develop advanced breeding lines& F1 hybrids with triple disease resistance. Stable source of resistance to early blight and bi-partite begomo-virus (Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus) has been identified in Solanum habrochaites LA-1777. Validation with molecular markers linked to tomato leaf curl virus resistance revealed that LA-1777 carryTy2 and other putative resistant genes. Several high yielding dual purpose hybrids were also developed for fresh market and processing with high level of resistance to multiple diseases. Cherry tomato lines have also been bred for high TSS, total carotenoids, total phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, acidity and lycopene content. IIHR-249-1, IIHR-2101 (Solanum habrochaites LA-1777), IIHR- 2866 and IIHR-2864 recorded high values for quality parameters like total carotenoids, lycopene, vitamin C, total phenols, flavonoids and TSS. Drought tolerant root stock has been developed by an interspecific cross between S. habrochaites LA-1777 and S. lycopersicum (15 SB SB). Resistant sources have also been identified against Tuta absoluta, a serious insect pest reported from major tomato growing areas in the country in recent time. High temperature tolerant breeding lines are in pipeline.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Low productivity in India is due to occurrence of both biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, tomato leaf curl disease, bacterial wilt, early blight and Groundnut Bud Necrosis Virus disease have become serious production constraints causing considerable yield loss in the major tomato growing areas of the country. Adoption of multiple disease resistant varieties or F1 hybrids would be the most appropriate way to address these diseases. At ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru systematic breeding strategies were employed to pyramid genes for resistance to early blight, bacterial wilt and tomato leaf curl diseases and to develop advanced breeding lines& F1 hybrids with triple disease resistance. Stable source of resistance to early blight and bi-partite begomo-virus (Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus) has been identified in Solanum habrochaites LA-1777. Validation with molecular markers linked to tomato leaf curl virus resistance revealed that LA-1777 carryTy2 and other putative resistant genes. Several high yielding dual purpose hybrids were also developed for fresh market and processing with high level of resistance to multiple diseases. Cherry tomato lines have also been bred for high TSS, total carotenoids, total phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, acidity and lycopene content. IIHR-249-1, IIHR-2101 (Solanum habrochaites LA-1777), IIHR-2866 and IIHR-2864 recorded high values for quality parameters like total carotenoids, lycopene, vitamin C, total phenols, flavonoids and TSS. Drought tolerant root stock has been developed by an interspecific cross between S. habrochaites LA-1777 and S. lycopersicum (15 SB SB). Resistant sources have also been identified against Tuta absoluta, a serious insect pest reported from major tomato growing areas in the country in recent time. High temperature tolerant breeding lines are in pipe line.Not Availabl