An effective optimization of rainwater storage tanks for different roof materials in commercial buildings

Rainwater tanks for different roof materials require optimization of tank size, which is often neglected before the installation of these tanks. This project presents a case study of rainwater tank size optimization for 3 commercial buildings namely; office, hospital and hotel on 10 different roof materials where all buildings have a similar catchment area. The study was done based on the hourly rainfall data in Kuala Lumpur which was obtained from the Metrological Department of Malaysia. With the aim of developing an inclusive optimization tool for the performance analysis and sizing of rainwater tanks, a comprehensive spreadsheet that generates the water balance model for a whole year is developed using visual basic application that cross implies the hourly rainfall data, contributing catchment area, roof material, available storage volume, tank overflow and hourly water demand. In this case study, four rainwater tanks (1

An effective optimization of rainwater storage tanks for different roof materials in commercial buildings

Rainwater tanks for different roof materials require optimization of tank size, which is often neglected before the installation of these tanks. This project presents a case study of rainwater tank size optimization for 3 commercial buildings namely; office, hospital and hotel on 10 different roof materials where all buildings have a similar catchment area. The study was done based on the hourly rainfall data in Kuala Lumpur which was obtained from the Metrological Department of Malaysia. With the aim of developing an inclusive optimization tool for the performance analysis and sizing of rainwater tanks, a comprehensive spreadsheet that generates the water balance model for a whole year is developed using visual basic application that cross implies the hourly rainfall data, contributing catchment area, roof material, available storage volume, tank overflow and hourly water demand. In this case study, four rainwater tanks (1

Ti-Nb 합금의 형상기억성질에 미치는 등통로각 압출의 효과

학위논문(박사) - 한국과학기술원 : 신소재공학과, 2010.2, [ xvi, 162 p ]Bio-implants are materials that are used to replace the hard tissues in human body such as bone. Continual ageing of world population has brought an ever-increasing demand for bio-implants. Among the metallic bio-implant materials stainless steels and Co-Cr alloys have commonly been used. However, their high Young’s modulus led bone resorption resulted in the development and application of low modulus $\beta$ type titanium alloys in 1979. In that scenario, shape memory alloys (SMA) were recognized as bio-implant materials in late 1980 due to their functional shape memory and superelastic properties. Since then equi-atomic Nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) SMA are widely being applied as cardiovascular stents, guide wires and orthodontic wires due to its excellent mechanical, corrosion resistance and superelastic properties. But recent studies have shown Ni induced hypersensitivity is harmful to human body. In order to solve this issue Ni-free SMA are under development. Titanium-niobium (Ti-Nb) binary alloys are potential candidates for the purpose. The useful amount of superelasticity for medical applications is 2%. Though the Ti-Nb binary alloys can exhibit superelasticity more than 2%, their poor mechanical properties hinder to realize it thus hampers its application. Efforts are being underway to improve the mechanical and functional properties by employing various thermo-mechanical treatments (TMT) and by adding alloying elements. Recently, ultrafine grain (UFG) Ni-Ti alloys processed via severe plastic deformation processes such high pressure torsion, equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) shown to have excellent superelastic recovery strain along with ultrahigh strength and good elongation to fracture. Also UFG materials are significantly differ in the behavior from their coarse grain counterpart. However, the conventional cold rolling process was the only method used to process the Ti-Nb alloys till date. There has been no effort to produce UFG Ti-Nb to...한국과학기술원 : 신소재공학과