Optimisation of composite boat hulls using first principles and design rules

The design process is becoming increasingly complex with designers balancing societal, environmental and political issues. Composite materials are attractive to designers due to excellent strength to weight ratio, low corrosion and ability to be tailored to the application. One problem with composite materials can be the low stiffness that they exhibit and as such for many applications they are stiffened. These stiffened structures create a complex engineering problem by which they must be designed to have the lowest cost and mass and yet withstand loads. This paper therefore examines the way in which rapid assessment of stiffened boat structures can be performed for the concept design stage. Navier grillage method is combined with genetic algorithms to produce panels optimised for mass and cost. These models are constrained using design rules, in this case ISO 12215 and Lloyd's Register Rules for Special Service Craft. The results show a method that produces a reasonable stiffened structure rapidly that could be used in advanced concept design or early detailed design to reduce design time

A rapid method for reliability analysis of composite tophat stiffened structures using a first principles method and design rules

Composite materials are increasingly being used within engineering, especially in low weight applications. A significant drawback that these materials exhibit is their variability. There is a growing trend towards stochastic analysis of marine structures and this is even more important for scenarios that have a high variability. To implement these new techniques it is important to be able to, rapidly and accurately, determine reliability during the design phase. Therefore, a reliability analysis, utilising a rapid implementation, has been performed on plates that have been designed using two different sets of design rules and a first principles method. The results show that whilst, under the limits investigated, the reliability of the design rules are slightly safer than those found using first principles; the sensitivity analysis shows that each of the design rules generates a different reaction from each variable, encouraging different types of structures through their idiosyncrasies. Furthermore the method shown allows a rapid analysis to be performed on complex composite structures in a relatively short time frame using either first principles methods or design rules

Implementation of a generic concurrent engineering environment framework for boatbuilding

Boatbuilding is a growth market with global competition and tight profit margins. Concurrent engineering is not presently prevalent within the boatbuilding industry and yet this is a technique that has found much success in other industries. A methodology has, therefore, been developed to aid design in the leisure boatbuilding industry. This environment uses collaborative engineering and automated communication to aid the passing of direct communication between all members of the design team. This paper determines the characteristics of importance within boatbuilding and relates these to a framework concurrent engineering environment aimed specifically at this industry. The current work focuses on the structural and production subsystems in an attempt to improve design for production. The use of concurrent engineering tools has been highlighted with an example

Investigation into skin stiffener debonding of top-hat stiffened composite structures

Top-hat stiffened plates provide an efficient structure for engineering applications. During service debonding between the stiffener and the plate is often observed and parametric studies of open section stiffeners have shown that debond size and location have a significant effect on the damage mode of the panel. However, these studies do not consider the interaction of failure modes and do not assess the ultimate failure of the structure. In this paper top-hat stiffened composite structures are assessed considering debond damage between the stiffener and plate. A non-linear finite element model is used to perform a parametric study on the effect of both damage and the panel’s geometry on the failure modes, ultimate strength and its damage tolerance. Results show that top-hat stiffened panels exhibit a trend between ultimate strength and the debond size with crack initiation not necessarily propagating. Geometric imperfections accelerate buckling but can provide an arrest point for crack propagation

Investigation into the effects of petalling on coefficient of discharge during compartment flooding

Ships or risers, among many other marine structures, incur damage even with the best precautions. Whilst these damages can be catastrophic they often lead to scenarios whereby the damaged structure is ailing but not failed. In these scenarios the structure will flood and it is vital that the rate of flooding can be estimated, from a limited knowledge of the damage, so that safety and the environment can be best considered and an economical and effective recovery or repair of the vessel occurs. In an effort to improve the modelling and hence improve the advice available, research has been performed into how petalling, folding of the structure at the edge of the damage, effects the flooding of the structure. Experiments have been conducted on petalled structures and the results are compared to the coefficient of discharge for flat edged damages. The results show that petalling makes a substantial difference to the coefficient of discharge of the orifice flow which is largely dependent on the petalling angle which can both reduce or increase the flow rate dependent on the orientation. However, this difference can be predicted if the type of petalling is known

Investigation into the effects of petalling on coefficient of discharge during compartment flooding

Ships or risers, among many other marine structures, incur damage even with the best precautions. Whilst these damages can be catastrophic they often lead to scenarios whereby the damaged structure is ailing but not failed. In these scenarios the structure will flood and it is vital that the rate of flooding can be estimated, from a limited knowledge of the damage, so that safety and the environment can be best considered and an economical and effective recovery or repair of the vessel occurs. In an effort to improve the modelling and hence improve the advice available, research has been performed into how petalling, folding of the structure at the edge of the damage, effects the flooding of the structure. Experiments have been conducted on petalled structures and the results are compared to the coefficient of discharge for flat edged damages. The results show that petalling makes a substantial difference to the coefficient of discharge of the orifice flow which is largely dependent on the petalling angle which can both reduce or increase the flow rate dependent on the orientation. However, this difference can be predicted if the type of petalling is known

Optimisation of composite boat hulls using first principles and design rules

The design process is becoming increasingly complex with designers balancing societal, environmental and political issues. Composite materials are attractive to designers due to excellent strength to weight ratio, low corrosion and ability to be tailored to the application. One problem with composite materials can be the low stiffness that they exhibit and as such for many applications they are stiffened. These stiffened structures create a complex engineering problem by which they must be designed to have the lowest cost and mass and yet withstand loads. This paper therefore examines the way in which rapid assessment of stiffened boat structures can be performed for the concept design stage. Navier grillage method is combined with genetic algorithms to produce panels optimised for mass and cost. These models are constrained using design rules, in this case ISO 12215 and Lloyd's Register Rules for Special Service Craft. The results show a method that produces a reasonable stiffened structure rapidly that could be used in advanced concept design or early detailed design to reduce design time

Evidence both L-type and non-L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels contribute to cerebral artery vasospasm following loss of NO in the rat

We recently found block of NO synthase in rat middle cerebral artery caused spasm, associated with depolarizing oscillations in membrane potential (Em) similar in form but faster in frequency (circa 1 Hz) to vasomotion. T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels contribute to cerebral myogenic tone and vasomotion, so we investigated the significance of T-type and other ion channels for membrane potential oscillations underlying arterial spasm. Smooth muscle cell membrane potential (Em) and tension were measured simultaneously in rat middle cerebral artery. NO synthase blockade caused temporally coupled depolarizing oscillations in cerebrovascular Em with associated vasoconstriction. Both events were accentuated by block of smooth muscle BKCa. Block of T-type channels or inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase abolished the oscillations in Em and reduced vasoconstriction. Oscillations in Em were either attenuated or accentuated by reducing [Ca2+]o or block of KV, respectively. TRAM-34 attenuated oscillations in both Em and tone, apparently independent of effects against KCa3.1. Thus, rapid depolarizing oscillations in Em and tone observed after endothelial function has been disrupted reflect input from T-type calcium channels in addition to L-type channels, while other depolarizing currents appear to be unimportant. These data suggest that combined block of T and L-type channels may represent an effective approach to reverse cerebral vasospasm

Pulsar polarisation below 200 MHz: Average profiles and propagation effects

Aims: We present the highest-quality polarisation profiles to date of 16 non-recycled pulsars and four millisecond pulsars, observed below 200 MHz with the LOFAR high-band antennas. Based on the observed profiles, we perform an initial investigation of expected observational effects resulting from the propagation of polarised emission in the pulsar magnetosphere and the interstellar medium. Methods: The polarisation data presented in this paper have been calibrated for the geometric-projection and beam-shape effects that distort the polarised information as detected with the LOFAR antennas. We have used RM Synthesis to determine the amount of Faraday rotation in the data at the time of the observations. The ionospheric contribution to the measured Faraday rotation was estimated using a model of the ionosphere. To study the propagation effects, we have compared our low-frequency polarisation observations with archival data at 240, 400, 600, and 1400 MHz. Results: The predictions of magnetospheric birefringence in pulsars have been tested using spectra of the pulse width and fractional polarisation from multifrequency data. The derived spectra offer only partial support for the expected effects of birefringence on the polarisation properties, with only about half of our sample being consistent with the model's predictions. It is noted that for some pulsars these measurements are contaminated by the effects of interstellar scattering. For a number of pulsars in our sample, we have observed significant variations in the amount of Faraday rotation as a function of pulse phase, which is possibly an artefact of scattering. These variations are typically two orders of magnitude smaller than that observed at 1400 MHz by Noutsos et al. (2009), for a different sample of southern pulsars. In this paper we present a possible explanation for the difference in magnitude of this effect between the two frequencies, based on scattering. Finally, we have estimated the magnetospheric emission heights of low-frequency radiation from four pulsars, based on the phase lags between the flux-density and the PA profiles, and the theoretical framework of Blaskiewicz et al. (1991, ApJ, 370, 643). These estimates yielded heights of a few hundred km; at least for PSR B1133+16, this is consistent with emission heights derived based on radius-to-frequency mapping, but is up to a few times larger than the recent upper limit based on pulsar timing. Conclusions: Our work has shown that models, like magnetospheric birefringence, cannot be the sole explanation for the complex polarisation behaviour of pulsars. On the other hand, we have reinforced the claim that interstellar scattering can introduce a rotation of the PA with frequency that is indistinguishable from Faraday rotation and also varies as a function of pulse phase. In one case, the derived emission heights appear to be consistent with the predictions of radius-to-frequency mapping at 150 MHz, although this interpretation is subject to a number of systematic uncertainties