Trends In Amperometric Electrodes Modification For Electroanalytical Applications [tendências Em Modificação De Eletrodos Amperométricos Para Aplicações Eletroanalíticas]

The most relevant advances on the analytical applications of chemically modified electrodes (CME) are presented. CME have received great attention due to the possibility of electrode surface modification including chemisorption, composite generation and polymer coating. In recent years, the interest in CME has increased overall to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the electroanalytical probes, considering the electron mediator incorporation and the new conducting polymers development. The general procedures employed for the electrode modification and the operational characteristics of some electrochemical sensors are discussed.256 A10121021Moses, P.R., Wier, P., Murray, R.W., (1975) Anal. Chem., 47, p. 1882Katz, E., Lotzbeyer, T., Schlereth, D.D., Schuhmann, W., Schmidt, H.-L., (1994) J. Electroanal. Chem., 373, p. 189Persson, B.J., (1990) Electroanal. Chem., 287, p. 61Wilkins, E., Atanasov, P., (1996) Med. Eng. 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Ultrasonography And Electromyography Of Masticatory Muscles In A Group Of Adolescents With Signs And Symptoms Of Tmd

The thickness and electrical activity of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles were compared in adolescents with and without signs and symptoms of TMD. Forty individuals were selected using the Crania Mandibular Index and a questionnaire. There was no significant correlation between thickness and activity (p>0.05). However, there were correlations between thickness and weight and height (p<0.05). 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Idiopathic Bilateral Diaphragmatic Paresis [paresia Diafragmática Bilateral Idiopática]

We report the case of a patient with severe dyspnea upon reclining. Lung disease, neuromuscular disorders and heart disease were ruled out. However, during the course of the investigation, bilateral diaphragmatic paresis was discovered. A key sign leading to the diagnosis was evidence of paradoxical respiration in the dorsal decubitus position. When the patient was moved from the orthostatic position to the dorsal decubitus position, oxygenation and forced vital capacity worsened. The orthostatic fluoroscopy was normal. Maximal inspiratory pressure was severely reduced. The responses to transcutaneous electric stimulation of the diaphragm were normal. However, electric stimulation of the phrenic nerve produced no response, leading to the diagnosis of bilateral diaphragmatic paresis.325481485Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia. III Consenso Brasileiro no Manejo da Asma. J Pneumol. 2002;28(Suppl 1):S1-S238Chan, C.K., Loke, J., Virgulto, J.A., Mohsenin, V., Ferranti, R., Lammertse, T., Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis: Clinical spectrum, prognosis, and diagnostic approach (1988) Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 69 (11), pp. 976-979Villalba, W.O., (2001) Avaliação da função pulmonar em pacientes portadores de esclerose lateral amiotrófica por meio da capacidade vital forçada, na posição ereta e supina [tese], , Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas;Fromageot, C., Lofaso, F., Annane, D., Falize, L., Lejaille, M., Clair, B., Supine fall in lung volumes in the assessment of diaphragmatic weakness in neuromuscular disorders (2001) Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 82 (1), pp. 123-128Black, L.F., Hyatt, R.E., Maximal respiratory pressures: Normal values and relationship to age and sex (1969) Am Rev Respir Dis, 99 (5), pp. 696-702Perrin, C.M.C., Fanfulla, F., Fiorentini, M., Casali, L., Reference values of maximal inspiratory mouth pressures: A population based study (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis, 146 (3), pp. 790-793DePalo, V.A., McCool, F.D., Respiratory muscle evaluation of the patient with neuromuscular disease (2002) Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 23 (3), pp. 201-209Polkey, M.I., Green, M., Moxham, J., Measurement of respiratory muscle strength (1995) Thorax, 50 (11), pp. 1131-1135Black LF, H, Unterborn JN, Ambrosio CD, Hill NS. Pulmonary complications of chronic neuromuscular diseases and their management. Muscle Nerve. 2004;29(1):5-27Lin, M.C., Liaw, M.Y., Huang, C.C., Chuang, M.L., Tsai, Y.H., Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis - a rare cause of acute respiratory failure managed with nasal mask bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) ventilation (1997) Eur Respir J, 10 (8), pp. 1922-1924Loh, L., Goldman, M., Davis, J.N., The assessment of diaphragm function (1977) Medicine (Baltimore), 56 (2), pp. 165-169Similowski, T., Mehiri, S., Duguet, A., Attali, V., Straus, C., Derenne, J.P., Comparison of magnetic and electrical phrenic nerve stimulation in assessment of phrenic nerve conduction time (1997) J Appl Physiol, 82 (4), pp. 1190-1199Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia. Consenso Brasileiro sobre Espirometria. J Pneumol. 1996;22(3):105-64Murray, J.F., Broaddus, V.C., Nadel, J.A., (2005) Textbook of respiratory medicine, pp. 2282-2310. , Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Murray JF, Nadel JA, editors, 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Elsevier