Congenital malformations in the fylde region of Lancashire, England 1957-1973

This paper uses data collected by a consultant paediatrician to examine variations in the prevalence of neural tube and cardiovascular malformations within the Fylde region of North West England. Results at the district scale indicate contrasts in the geographical distributions of the two classes of malformation and these are then further assessed via a case-control study which standardises for factors such as date of conception, age of mother and parity. The results of this study suggest that there were wards in Blackpool and Fleetwood with unusually high prevalences of neural tube defects. Further research is being undertaken to identify the causes of these concentrations.congenital malformations prevalence geographical variations Poisson probabilities case- control study

The uptake of child immunisations A sociological and geographical review

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:3597.9455(41) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Managing natural and technological hazards The role of GIS

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:7336.7095(ESRC-RRL-DP--7) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Understanding global health governance as a complex adaptive system

The transition from international to global health reflects the rapid growth in the numbers and nature of stakeholders in health, as well as the constant change embodied in the process of globalisation itself. This paper argues that global health governance shares the characteristics of complex adaptive systems, with its multiple and diverse players, and their polyvalent and constantly evolving relationships, and rich and dynamic interactions. The sheer quantum of initiatives, the multiple networks through which stakeholders (re) configure their influence, the range of contexts in which development for health is played out - all compound the complexity of this system. This paper maps out the characteristics of complex adaptive systems as they apply to global health governance, linking them to developments in the past two decades, and the multiple responses to these changes. Examining global health governance through the frame of complexity theory offers insight into the current dynamics of governance, and while providing a framework for making meaning of the whole, opens up ways of accessing this complexity through local points of engagement