Biopolymeric Nanoparticles–Multifunctional Materials of the Future

Nanotechnology plays an important role in biological research, especially in the development of delivery systems with lower toxicity and greater efficiency. These include not only metallic nanoparticles, but also biopolymeric nanoparticles. Biopolymeric nanoparticles (BPNs) are mainly developed for their provision of several advantages, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and minimal toxicity, in addition to the general advantages of nanoparticles. Therefore, given that biopolymers are biodegradable, natural, and environmentally friendly, they have attracted great attention due to their multiple applications in biomedicine, such as drug delivery, antibacterial activity, etc. This review on biopolymeric nanoparticles highlights their various synthesis methods, such as the ionic gelation method, nanoprecipitation method, and microemulsion method. In addition, the review also covers the applications of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles in different areas—especially in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, and agricultural domains. In conclusion, the present review highlights recent advances in the synthesis and applications of biopolymeric nanoparticles and presents both fundamental and applied aspects that can be used for further development in the field of biopolymeric nanoparticles

DNA microcircles - The promising tool for in vivo studies of the behavior of non-canonical DNA

The paper discusses the reasons for the resurrection of the term DNA microcircles through the change of its definition to “topologically closed DNA circles with the length less than 1 Kbp” from the entire population of circular DNA that holds the name of minicircles. The possible applications of such tool for in vivo studies of non-canonical DNA are also discussed. Prospective for in vivo and in vitro studies of non-canonical DNA cloned into microcircles are demonstrated. A method of stepwise elongation or shortening of plasmids is discussed. © 2022 Elsevier Lt

Nucleic Acid Aptamers in Nanotechnology

Nucleic Acid (NA) aptamers are oligonucleotides. They are unique due to their secondary and tertiary structure; namely, the secondary structure defines the tertiary one by means of affinity and specificity. Our review is devoted only to DNA and RNA aptamers, since the majority of achievements in this direction were obtained with their application. NA aptamers can be used as macromolecular devices and consist of short single-stranded molecules, which adopt unique three-dimensional structures due to the interaction of complementary parts of the chain and stacking interactions. The review is devoted to the recent nanotechnological advances in NA aptamers application

Polyhydroxyalkanoates Composites and Blends: Improved Properties and New Applications

Composites of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have been proven to have enhanced properties in comparison to the pure form of these polyesters. Depending on what polymer or material is added to PHAs, the enhancement of different properties is observed. Since PHAs are explored for usage in diverse fields, understanding what blends affect what properties would guide further investigations towards application. This article reviews works that have been carried out with composite variation for application in several fields. Some properties of PHAs are highlighted and composite variation for their modulations are explored

Recent Development in Biomedical Applications of Oligonucleotides with Triplex-Forming Ability

A DNA structure, known as triple-stranded DNA, is made up of three oligonucleotide chains that wind around one another to form a triple helix (TFO). Hoogsteen base pairing describes how triple-stranded DNA may be built at certain conditions by the attachment of the third strand to an RNA, PNA, or DNA, which might all be employed as oligonucleotide chains. In each of these situations, the oligonucleotides can be employed as an anchor, in conjunction with a specific bioactive chemical, or as a messenger that enables switching between transcription and replication through the triplex-forming zone. These data are also considered since various illnesses have been linked to the expansion of triplex-prone sequences. In light of metabolic acidosis and associated symptoms, some consideration is given to the impact of several low-molecular-weight compounds, including pH on triplex production in vivo. The review is focused on the development of biomedical oligonucleotides with triplexes

Electrospinning of Fiber Matrices from Polyhydroxybutyrate for the Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems

The submission provides an overview of current state of the problem and authors’ experimental data on manufacturing nonwoven fibrous matrices for the controlled release drug delivery systems (CRDDS). The choice of ultrathin fibers as effective carriers is determined by their characteristics and functional behavior, for example, such as a high specific surface area, anisotropy of some physicochemical characteristics, spatial limitations of segmental mobility that are inherent in nanosized objects, controlled biodegradation, and controlled diffusion transport. The structural-dynamic approach to the study of the morphology and diffusion properties of biopolymer fibers based on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is considered from several angles. In the submission, the electrospinning (ES) application to reach specific characteristics of materials for controlled release drug delivery is discussed

The Role of Cervical Vertebral Arteries Blood Flow in Centralized Aerobic-Anaerobic Energy Balance Compensation: When Hypothesis Becomes a Theory

If we consider the functioning human body as a dissipative structure, then we need to assume the existence of a regulative system, that collects and analyses data related to the structure functioning, and, eventually, sends signals across the body to adjust homeostasis. If the entrance of information is blocked, the system will start to distribute wrong signals leading to dysfunction of the structure. This approach was applied to Arterial Hypertension (AHT) caused by the blocking of vertebral arteries. The preliminary data so far support the hypothesis. We proposed for the discussion that was to collect the additional data set, required to consider hypothesis proven

The cerebellum role in arterial hypertension

The consideration of the functioning body as a dissipative structure leads to the assumption of the existence of a regulative system, that through the feedback system keeps homeostasis. We already know the location of parameters’ detectors as well as the place of data analysis. Some information is available on how the system reacts to parameters’ change by signals distribution all over the body. This information is available for certain species. Quite often such information is gathered about the human body. Simple logic suggests, that if something interferes with the input of correct information, the system will eventually start to distribute incorrect signals and as a result this will lead to dysfunction. If we consider the cause of arterial hypertension (AHT) from this angle we inevitably meet with the blocking of information flow to the rhomboid fossa of the cerebellum through cervical vertebral arteries due their clamping by the damaged cervical cartilage. The data on the correlation of arterial blood pressure (BP) with linear blood flow through cervical vertebral, not carotid arteries is demonstrated. Available data supported the hypothesis as well as the data which should be collected to additionally support it are discussed