Trends and specifics of electric power industry development in the Russian Federation

At the present stage, given the processes of globalization for the global economy, one of the key industries is energy. And with certainty, we can only talk about the growth of its consumption, despite the negative processes taking place in the economy in the last period. To meet the needs of production and municipal needs, there is a need for a constant increase in the production of energy feedstock, the production of electricity and its distribution. It should be noted that the amount of electricity generated corelates with the level of economic development of the country. However, some countries are forced to import energy resources from abroad without having their own. It is necessary to note such an aspect of energy development as an environmental factor. Indeed, energy is one of the biggest sources of anthropogenic emissions, it is about 42%. Aim of the paper is to study and analyze the trends and specifics of the development of the Russian electric power industry, as one of the main components of the energy complex. Such scientific methods were used, systematization, theoretical generalization and the method of comparison with the use of statistical analysis. Results of the study defines the integral concept of energy, image of the structure of energy complex in the Russian Federation, from various authors, defines the concept of electricity and factors of its development. Prospects for further research: due to further study of the issues of electric power industry development the in Russian Federation, for their subsequent study and search for solutions. Applied value of the material: lies in the possibility of working out problematic issues for further sustainable and effective development

Modification of Polydiallyldimethylammonium Chloride with Sodium Polystyrenesulfonate Dramatically Changes the Resistance of Polymer-Based Coatings towards Wash-Off from Both Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces

Polymer coatings based on polycations represent a perspective class of protective antimicrobial coatings. Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and its water-soluble complexes with sodium polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) were studied by means of dynamic light-scattering, laser microelectrophoresis and turbidimetry. It was shown that addition of six mol.% of polyanion to polycation results in formation of interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) that was stable towards phase separation in water-salt media with a concentration of salts (NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4) up to 0.5 M. Most of the polyelectrolyte coatings are made by layer-by-layer deposition. The utilization of water-soluble IPEC for the direct deposition on the surface was studied. The coatings from the PDADMAC and the PSS/PDADMAC complex were formed on the surfaces of hydrophilic glass and hydrophobic polyvinylchloride. It was found that formation IPEC allows one to increase the stability of the coating towards wash-off with water in comparison to individual PDADMAC coating on both types of substrates. The visualization of the coatings was performed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy

The Effect of Cationic Polylysine on the Release of an Encapsulated Substance from pH-Sensitive Anionic Liposomes

The formation of complexes from anionic liposomes with a pH-sensitive molecular switch (flipid) and a cationic polypeptide (polylysine) embedded in the membrane with a degree of polymerization of 90, 660, and 1360 was investigated. Liposomes in the complex retain their integrity in a buffer solution with a pH of 7; The resulting complexes are resistant to dissociation in a physiological solution containing 0.15 M NaCl. Lowering the pH of the solution to 5 causes the formation of defects in the lipid bilayer by changing the conformation of the flipid, which leads to the release of the encapsulated substance from the liposomes into the surrounding solution. In this case, complexation increases both the rate of release of the encapsulated substance and the amount of the substance moving from the liposomes to the external solution. The results obtained are of interest for encapsulation and controlled drug delivery

Magneto-sensitive hybrid nanocomposites of water-soluble sodium alginate cross-linked with calcium ions and maghemite

A synthetic procedure is described for preparation of magneto-sensitive nanocomposites from maghemite nanoparticles and a natural polysaccharide, sodium alginate cross-linked with calcium ions. With this procedure, a series of nanocomposites was synthesized and characterized by spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Fourier transform IR-spectroscopy and magnetometry with the following main conclusions: (a) The nanocomposites retain their solubility in water unless the iron content exceeds 18.1±0.2 wt%. (b) Only γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles are included in the nanocomposite. (c) Size of nanoparticles lies within a 4–20 nm range with a dominant diameter of 7±1 nm. (d) Maghemite nanoparticles bind to the alginate matrix via formation of electrostatic and coordination contacts between the surface Fe3+ maghemite ions and functional alginate groups. (e) The nanocomposites exhibit properties which are characteristic for soft magnetic materials since they have a low coercive force. (f) Magnetic characteristics of the nanocomposites, saturation magnetization and residual magnetization, are effectively controlled by the maghemite content. (g) An external magnetic field causes the nanocomposites to move in an aqueous dispersion

Ultrasonic Film Rehydration Synthesis of Mixed Polylactide Micelles for Enzyme-Resistant Drug Delivery Nanovehicles

A facile technique for the preparation of mixed polylactide micelles from amorphous poly-D,L-lactide-block-polyethyleneglycol and crystalline amino-terminated poly-L-lactide is described. In comparison to the classical routine solvent substitution method, the ultrasonication assisted formation of polymer micelles allows shortening of the preparation time from several days to 15–20 min. The structure and morphology of mixed micelles were analyzed with the assistance of electron microscopy, dynamic and static light scattering and differential scanning calorimetery. The resulting polymer micelles have a hydrodynamic radius of about 150 nm and a narrow size distribution. The average molecular weight of micelles was found to be 2.1 × 107 and the aggregation number was calculated to be 6000. The obtained biocompatible particles were shown to possess low cytotoxicity, high colloid stability and high stability towards enzymatic hydrolysis. The possible application of mixed polylactide micelles as drug delivery vehicles was studied for the antitumor hydrophobic drug paclitaxel. The lethal concentration (LC50) of paclitaxel encapsulated in polylactide micelles was found to be 42 ± 4 µg/mL—a value equal to the LC50 of paclitaxel in the commercial drug Paclitaxel-Teva

Capacious and programmable multi liposomal carriers

pH-release from assembled polycationic brush liposomes.</p