LEFT VENTRICULAR STRAIN: SEX- AND AGE-RELATED CHARACTERISTICS AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (REVIEW OF LITERATURE)

The standard indicators of function of the left ventricle (LV) (ejection fraction, end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, of local contractility) depend on the circulation load and partly are subjective. The indices of myocardial deformation allow to objectify the assessment of left ventricular function and to detect changes even in subclinical myocardial lesion. Objectives. This review analyzes the literature data focused on the ultrasound assessment of myocardial deformation (Strain) in various cardiovascular diseases (CVD), published during the last 15 years (2001-2016) using PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) and Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.ru). Results. The deformation of LV myocardium, as a 3D object, is considered as a longitudinal, circular and radial Strain. According to data obtained, the indicators of myocardial Strain are related to age and sex (in men lower than in women, decreased with aging), they have diagnostic significance for myocardial infarction, acute and chronic heart failure (HF), cardiomyopathy, Strain characteristics in hypertension and subclinical myocardial damage are investigated less. Not numerous clinical studies have demonstrated predictive value of Strain in respect to CVD complications and outcomes. Very few studies available are available in population, they revealed the association between LV Strain with the risk of acute coronary events, malignant arrhythmias, HF, death from CVD and from all causes (risk coefficients were around 1.3 for CHD, 1.7 for HF and 1.6-2.0 for fatal CVD and total mortality). Conclusion. Strain technology is perspective. Currently, the age- and sex- specific reference values of Strain are still under the question; further studies of LV Strain are warranted for assessment of early systolic dysfunction and investigation of association with CVD risk factors and prognosis

Collective Subject in Implementation of STEM Technologies in Engineering Education

Provision of quality of engineering education upon implementation of international CDIO initiative (Conceive – Design – Implement – Operate) results in implementation of new education technologies, in particular: STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics). Its implementation allows to solve a set of educational issues concerning motivation of students from the first day by using integrated practically oriented assignments, step-by-step immersion into designing activity. Interdisciplinarity and integration, inherent in the STEM technology, assume moving out of a teacher as a holder of educational situation from his disciplinary area, would demand to be a co-participant of a student activity, his initiative in solving creative tasks. Successful realization of STEM technology depends significantly on new competences of teachers and managers, their capabilities to significant modifications of their occupational activity. Difficulty of implementation of STEM technology is related with unpreparedness of teachers and managers. This work is aimed at substantiation of necessary conditions providing readiness of managers, teachers, and students to implement the STEM technologies characterized as a collective subject. The experimental results serve as theoretical substantiation of the concept of formation of collective subjects (managers, teachers, students), determination of new functionality of managers, teachers, students, stepping of this process to provide implementation of STEM technology. The practical implementation was performed at the Federal innovation platform of Siberian Federal University: Model of system modifications in multilevel engineering education