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    Π”Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π»ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ†Π΅ ярСмной Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ опСрациях Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ сидя

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    Background. The pressure in brain sinuses (BSP) is used to monitor the effectiveness of various methods of prevention and treatment of venous air embolism (VAE) during surgeries in patients in the sitting position. A simpler and more approachable way is to measure the pressure in the superior bulb of the jugular vein (JBP), which accurately reflects the BSP. The dependence of the frequency and severity of VAE in JBP, however, has not been investigated, and the data on the effect of various methods of prevention and treatment of VAE on JBP are either insufficient or contradictory. The study was aimed to determine the dynamics of the JBP when bringing the patient to a sitting position, its relation with the severity of the VAE and to assess the effect of right atrium pressure (RAP), positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) and decreased minute pulmonary ventilation (MPV) on it.Material and methods. The prospective study included 66 people who underwent intracranial surgery in a sitting position. In addition to the standard monitoring under general anesthesia with artificial lung ventilation, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the right atrium were catheterized, and the esophagus was intubated with transesophageal echocardiography sensor. JBP was measured in a supine and sitting position and examined in relationship to RAP. In patients with JBP<0 mm Hg, its dynamics was evaluated at PEEP<0 cm H20 and MPV with end-tidal carbon dioxide (etCO2)=44 mm Hg, PEEP=15 cm H20 and MPV with etCO2=36 mm Hg. The Tuebingen scale (Tuebingen VAE) was used to determine the severity of VAE.Results. After bringing the patient to the sitting position the JBP significantly (W=2137.5; p<0.001) decreased by an average of 8 mm Hg, while in 11 (16.7%; 95% CI: 8.6-27, 8) cases it remained positive. No correlation was found between the RAP and JBP in the supine position (Z =-0.08225; p=0.9344) and in the sitting position (Z=1.2272, p=0.2198). The VAE frequency was 51% (95% CI 38.8-64). In patients with JBP <0 mm Hg, the frequency and severity of VAE was significantly higher than with JBPβ‰₯1 mm Hg (chi-square=4.37; df=1; p=0.036 and Z=2.47, p=0.015, respectively). Significant changes of JBP when PEEP 15 cm H2O and MPV with etCO2=36 mm Hg were not found (Z = -0.9784, p=0.3964 and Z=-1.3324, p=0.2305 respectively).Conclusion. 1. The negative JBP after bringing the patient to the sitting position is accompanied by an increase in the frequency and severity of VAE. 2. In patients in a sitting position, the correlation between RAP and JBP was not found. 3. Isolated PEEP and changes in ventilation do not lead to an increase in JBP.Β Π’Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ контроля эффСктивности Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ лСчСния Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ эмболии (Π’Π’Π­) ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ опСрациях Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ сидя ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ давлСния Π² синусах Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° (внутрисинусноС Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ - Π’Π‘Π”). Π‘ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ простым ΠΈ доступным способом являСтся ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ давлСния Π² Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ†Π΅ ярСмной Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‹ (Π”Π›Π―Π’), ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ достаточно Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π’Π‘Π”. Π—Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ частоты ΠΈ выраТСнности Π’Π’Π­ ΠΎΡ‚ Π”Π›Π―Π’, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Π½Π΅ исслСдована, Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎ влиянии Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ лСчСния Π’Π’Π­ носят Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ нСдостаточный, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€. ЦСль исслСдования состояла Π² ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π”Π›Π―Π’ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ сидя, Π΅Π³ΠΎ связи с Ρ‚ΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π’Π’Π­ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ влияния Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ давлСния Π² ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΌ прСдсСрдии (Π”ΠŸΠŸ), ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ давлСния Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Π΄ΠΎΡ…Π° (ΠŸΠ”ΠšΠ’) ΠΈ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ вСнтиляции Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… (ΠœΠ’Π›).ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹.Β  Π’ проспСктивноС исслСдованиС Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ 66 Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌ выполняли ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ сидя. Π’ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ стандартному ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π³Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌ Π² условиях ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ анСстСзии с искусствСнной вСнтиляциСй Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½ΡŽΡŽ Π»ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ†Ρƒ ярСмной Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‹, ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅ прСдсСрдиС, ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚ΡƒΠ±ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Ρ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ для чрСспищСводной эхокардиографии. Π˜Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π”Π›Π―Π’ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ° ΠΈ сидя, ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ связь с Π”ΠŸΠŸ. Π£ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с Π”Π›Π―Π’, Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 0 ΠΌΠΌ Ρ€Ρ‚.ст., ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠŸΠ”ΠšΠ’=0 см Π²ΠΎΠ΄.ст. ΠΈ ΠœΠ’Π› с ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ-Π²Ρ‹Π΄Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ углСкислого Π³Π°Π·Π° (etCO2)=44 ΠΌΠΌ Ρ€Ρ‚.ст., ΠŸΠ”ΠšΠ’=15 см Π²ΠΎΠ΄.ст. ΠΈ ΠœΠ’Π› с etCO2=36 ΠΌΠΌ Ρ€Ρ‚.ст. Для опрСдСлСния тяТСсти Π’Π’Π­ использовали ΡˆΠΊΠ°Π»Ρƒ ВюбингСн (Tubingen VAE).Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. ПослС привСдСния ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ сидя Π”Π›Π―Π’ статистичСски Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎ (W=2137,5; p<0,001) сниТалось Π² срСднСм Π½Π° 8 ΠΌΠΌ Ρ€Ρ‚.ст., ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом Ρƒ 11 (16,7%; 95%Π”Π˜ 8,6-27,8) Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ. ΠšΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅Π»ΡΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ связи ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π”ΠŸΠŸ ΠΈ Π”Π›Π―Π’ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ° (Z=-0,08225; p=0,9344), Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ сидя (Z=1,2272, p=0,2198) выявлСно Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ. Частота Π’Π’Π­ составила 51% (95%Π”Π˜ 38,8-64). Π£ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с Π”Π›Π―Π’, Ρ€Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ 0 ΠΌΠΌ Ρ€Ρ‚.ст. ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ, частота ΠΈ Ρ‚ΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π’Π’Π­ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° статистичСски Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎ большС, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π”Π›Π―Π’, Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ большСго 1 ΠΌΠΌ Ρ€Ρ‚.ст. (Ρ…ΠΈ-ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄Ρ€Π°Ρ‚=4,37; df=1; p=0,036 ΠΈ Z=2,47, Ρ€=0,015 соотвСтствСнно). БтатистичСски Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π”Π›Π―Π’ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠŸΠ”ΠšΠ’ 15 см Π²ΠΎΠ΄.ст. ΠΈ ΠœΠ’Π› с etCO2=36 ΠΌΠΌ Ρ€Ρ‚.ст. Π½Π΅ выявлСно (Z=-0,9784, p=0,3964 ΠΈ Z=-1,3324, p=0,2305 соотвСтствСнно).Π’Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. 1. Π€ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ сидя ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ†Π΅ ярСмной Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‹ сопровоТдаСтся ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ частоты ΠΈ тяТСсти Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ эмболии.2.Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β  Π£ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ сидя связь ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΌ прСдсСрдии ΠΈ Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ†Π΅ ярСмной Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Π°.3.Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β Β  Π˜Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ давлСния Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Π΄ΠΎΡ…Π° ΠΈ измСнСния вСнтиляции Π½Π΅ приводят ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ давлСния Π² Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ†Π΅ ярСмной Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‹

    Jugular Bulb Pressure in Surgery of Patients in Sitting Position

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    Background. The pressure in brain sinuses (BSP) is used to monitor the effectiveness of various methods of prevention and treatment of venous air embolism (VAE) during surgeries in patients in the sitting position. A simpler and more approachable way is to measure the pressure in the superior bulb of the jugular vein (JBP), which accurately reflects the BSP. The dependence of the frequency and severity of VAE in JBP, however, has not been investigated, and the data on the effect of various methods of prevention and treatment of VAE on JBP are either insufficient or contradictory. The study was aimed to determine the dynamics of the JBP when bringing the patient to a sitting position, its relation with the severity of the VAE and to assess the effect of right atrium pressure (RAP), positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) and decreased minute pulmonary ventilation (MPV) on it.Material and methods. The prospective study included 66 people who underwent intracranial surgery in a sitting position. In addition to the standard monitoring under general anesthesia with artificial lung ventilation, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the right atrium were catheterized, and the esophagus was intubated with transesophageal echocardiography sensor. JBP was measured in a supine and sitting position and examined in relationship to RAP. In patients with JBP<0 mm Hg, its dynamics was evaluated at PEEP<0 cm H20 and MPV with end-tidal carbon dioxide (etCO2)=44 mm Hg, PEEP=15 cm H20 and MPV with etCO2=36 mm Hg. The Tuebingen scale (Tuebingen VAE) was used to determine the severity of VAE.Results. After bringing the patient to the sitting position the JBP significantly (W=2137.5; p<0.001) decreased by an average of 8 mm Hg, while in 11 (16.7%; 95% CI: 8.6-27, 8) cases it remained positive. No correlation was found between the RAP and JBP in the supine position (Z =-0.08225; p=0.9344) and in the sitting position (Z=1.2272, p=0.2198). The VAE frequency was 51% (95% CI 38.8-64). In patients with JBP <0 mm Hg, the frequency and severity of VAE was significantly higher than with JBPβ‰₯1 mm Hg (chi-square=4.37; df=1; p=0.036 and Z=2.47, p=0.015, respectively). Significant changes of JBP when PEEP 15 cm H2O and MPV with etCO2=36 mm Hg were not found (Z = -0.9784, p=0.3964 and Z=-1.3324, p=0.2305 respectively).Conclusion. 1. The negative JBP after bringing the patient to the sitting position is accompanied by an increase in the frequency and severity of VAE. 2. In patients in a sitting position, the correlation between RAP and JBP was not found. 3. Isolated PEEP and changes in ventilation do not lead to an increase in JBP
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