536 research outputs found
Inelastic interactions between nuclei at high energies
A theory of nucleus-nucleus collisions has been developed for kinetic
energies substantially in excess of the binding energy. The very high pressure
produced in the compound system as a result of the fusion of the two colliding
nuclei is the reason for the subsequent hydrodynamic expansion of the nuclear
medium. The energy and angular distributions of the reaction products are
investigated. The charge distribution is also determined in the case where the
nucleon and ion components of the reaction products are predominant. A solution
is found for the expansion into vacuum of a sphere in which the initially
uniformly distributed material is initially at rest and at an ultrarelativistic
temperature.Comment: 18 pages, 2 figures in GIF forma
Thermodynamic inequalities for nuclear rotation
The strictly reversible, thermodynamically equilibrium nature of the free
rotation of a body makes it possible to obtain a number of bounds on the
rotational characteristics within individual rotational bands of nonspherical
nuclei. As a result, the bounds between which the possible values of the
critical spin lie can be expressed exclusively in terms of a restricted
number of the experimentally most accessible data on the lower phase
for a given nuclide. The bounds are tested on the ground-state rotational bands
(yrast lines) of even-even nuclei, in which the corresponding phase transition
(backbending) has already been observed experimentally. For nuclei with
pronounced non-sphericity, all the bounds are invariably confirmed. For the
ground-state rotational bands for which the phase transition point has
not yet been reached, predictions are made for the corresponding values of
and, especially, . The specific features of excited
rotational bands, and also the bands of odd nuclei are discussed.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure
Theory of the radiative width of a highly excited nucleus
A microscopic theory of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a highly
excited nucleus is developed on the basis of the Landau theory of a Fermi
liquid. Closed formulae are obtained for the mean radiative width and its mean
square fluctuation from level to level. The temperatures of many nuclei are
found from the observed widths. The relaxation time is estimated from the
experimental data on the radiative-width fluctuations. The regions of
applicability of the various types of relations between the relaxation time and
the lifetime of the compound nucleus, as well as the relevant physical
consequences, are discussed.Comment: 14 page
Theory of shell structure and of the "magic" effect in spherical nuclei
A consistent theory is developed of the volume energy oscillations of
spherical nuclei due to sharpness of the Fermi distribution boundary for
quasiparticles. The lowest value of the oscillating part of the energy
corresponds to a magic nucleus. A formula is obtained for the corresponding
limiting momentum of a quasiparticle and it is shown that we have here an
isolated point of a temperatureless second-order phase transition. An
expression for the discontinuity of the derivative of the energy of the body
with respect to the number of particles is obtained in the case of a sharp
(step-like) Fermi distribution limit. Comparison with experimental nuclear-mass
data permits some conclusions to be drawn regarding the true structure of the
boundary layer of the Fermi distribution and regarding its variation with
increasing nuclear size. In the region of magic nuclei actually accessible up
to the present time, apparently no signs are observed of any appreciably
expressed residual phenomenon, such as the Cooper phenomenon, which would
result in instability of the energy spectrum of infinite nuclear matter with an
absolutely sharp Fermi limit for quasiparticles.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures in GIF forma
Theory of rapid (nonadiabatic) rotation of nonspherical nuclei
On the basis of the concept of the growing role of nonadiabatic effects of
the non-conservation of the quantum number a theory has been developed of
the phenomenon which has been given the name of backbending. Above the
transition point, for , all the values are equally
probable. An investigation is made of the singularities possessed by the
ordering parameter (proportional to the spectroscopic quadrupole moment of a
nonspherical nucleus), the rotational angular velocity and the moment of
inertia of a nucleus at the Curie point. Formulas have been derived for the
intensity of quadrupole radiation in the more symmetric -phase . By
analyzing the experimental values of the moments of inertia belonging to the
-phase, the radius of the mass distribution in the nucleus was determined.
It agrees with the radius of the proton distribution derived from data on the
scattering of electrons by nuclei. On the basis of the simplest form of the
singularity of the parametric derivative of the Hamiltonian of the system a
general theory of zero-temperature second-order phase transitions is developed
in the Appendix.Comment: 18 pages, 2 figures in GIF forma
Relation between the critical spin and angular velocity of a nucleus immediately after backbending
In nonspherical nuclei at the relationship between the angular
momentum and angular velocity immediately after backbending is the same as in
the limiting case . This indicates that there is a unique
type of cancellation of the deviations from a rigid-body moment of inertia in
the upper phase . An integral relationship is found which expresses this
cancellation quantitatively. This formula permits to be calculated for
the rotational bands of the even-even nuclei studied and the results are in
agreement with those obtained by other methods of locating the Curie point. For
the ground state band of W the cancellation of the reciprocals of the
true and rigid-body moments of inertia can be verified directly. The condition
for the stability of the rotation of a nonspherical nucleus is analyzed in the
Appendix in close connection with the problem of a reasonable definition of the
concept of a variable moment of inertia.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure in GIF forma
Change in the Nuclear Moment of Inertia at the Number of Neutrons N = 98 and Isotopic Shift of Atomic Levels
From analysis of experimental data on nuclear rotation, it is found that the
so-called rigid-body value of the nuclear moment of inertia and the
nuclear-radius values associated with the moment of inertia as functions of the
number of nucleons change their behavior at the number of neutrons .
This phenomenon is confirmed by experimental data on the isotopic shifts of
atomic levels.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Structure of residual interaction in spherical nuclei
The effect of residual interaction between nucleons (quasiparticles) on shell
oscillations of the masses of spherical nuclei is considered. The singularity
of the ground state energy of the system in the vicinity of nucleon magic
numbers is analyzed for various types of the dependence of residual interaction
on orbital momentum of the quasiparticle. It is shown that only the
perturbation band width of the Fermi distribution due to residual interaction
which is proportional to the square of the angular momentum vector is
consistent with the character of the magic cusps. The coupling constants
between the quasiparticles are determined on the basis of the available data.
The constant decreases rapidly with increase of nuclear radius. Possible
consequences pertaining to the energy spectrum of infinite nuclear matter are
discussed.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures in GIF forma
Characterization of photo-multiplier tubes for the Cryogenic Avalanche Detector
New Cryogenic Avalanche Detector (CRAD) with ultimate sensitivity, that will
be able to detect one primary electron released in the cryogenic liquid, is
under development in the Laboratory of Cosmology and Particle Physics of the
Novosibirsk State University jointly with the Budker Institute of Nuclear
Physics. The CRAD will use two sets of cryogenic PMTs in order to get trigger
signal either from primary scintillations in liquid Ar or from secondary
scintillations in high field gap above the liquid. Two types of cryogenic PMTs
produced by Hamamatsu Photonics were tested and the results are presented in
this paper. Low background 3 inch PMT R11065- 10 demonstrated excellent
performance according to its specifications provided by the producer. The gain
measured with single electron response (SER) in liquid Ar reached 10^7, dark
count rate rate did not exceed 300 Hz and pulse height resolution of single
electron signals was close to 50%(FWHM). However, two R11065-10 PMTs out of 7
tested stopped functioning after several tens minutes of operation immersed
completely into liquid Ar. The remaining 5 devices and one R11065-MOD were
operated successfully for several hours each with all the parameters according
to the producer specifications. Compact 2 inch PMT R6041-506-MOD with
metal-channel dynode structure is a candidate for side wall PMT system that
will look at electroluminescence in high field region above liquid. Four of
these PMTs were tested in liquid Ar and demonstrated gain up to 2x10^7, dark
count rate rate below 100 Hz and pulse height resolution of single electron
signals of about 110% (FWHM).Comment: Submitted to JINS
Neutral bremsstrahlung in two-phase argon electroluminescence: further studies and possible applications
We further study the effect of neutral bremsstrahlung (NBrS) in two-phase
argon electroluminescence (EL), revealed recently in [1]. The absolute EL yield
due to NBrS effect, in the visible and NIR range, was remeasured in pure
gaseous argon in the two-phase mode, using a two-phase detector with EL gap
read out directly by cryogenic PMTs and SiPMs. Possible applications of the
NBrS effect in detection science are discussed, including those in two-phase
dark matter detectors.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, presented at VCI2019 conference, to be published
in NIM
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