Oncological considerations of skin-sparing mastectomy

AIM: To review evidence concerning the oncological safety of performing skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) for invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Furthermore, the evidence concerning RT in relation to SSM and the possibility of nipple preservation was considered. METHODS: Literature review facilitated by Medline and PubMed databases. FINDINGS: Despite the lack of randomised controlled trials, SSM has become an accepted procedure in women undergoing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction for early breast cancer. Compared to non-skin-sparing mastectomy (NSSM), SSM seems to be oncologically safe in patients undergoing mastectomy for invasive tumours smaller than 5 cm, multicentric tumours, DCIS or risk-reduction. However, the technique should be avoided in patients with inflammatory breast cancer or in those with extensive tumour involvement of the skin in view of the high risk of local recurrence. SSM with nipple areola complex (NAC) preservation appears to be oncologically safe, provided the tumour is not close to the nipple and a frozen section protocol for the retro-areolar tissue is followed. Although radiotherapy (RT) does not represent a contraindication to SSM, the latter should be used with caution if postoperative RT is likely, since it detracts from the final cosmetic outcome

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Not AvailableCytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has proved to be an effective and efficient genetic tool in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) hybrid breeding programs. The A1 (milo cytoplasm) CMS type has been widely exploited to produce both commercial grain and forage sorghum hybrids. To explore the possibility of using alternative CMS (non-milo cytoplasm) sources, we studied the effect of cytoplasm on forage yield and quality in sorghum. Nine female (CMS) lines (representing three each in A1, A2, and A3 cytoplasms) and five male lines were used to generate 45 hybrids, which were evaluated in three environments. Cytoplasm and its first-order interaction with location and male and female lines showed the presence of a cytoplasmic effect on the majority of fodder yield and quality traits examined. The CMS lines possessing A3 cytoplasm (A3N213 and A3N193) were good combiners for important fodder yield and quality traits. For hydrocyanic acid, the CMS lines possessing A1 cytoplasm were good combiners. Mean performance of hybrids and combining ability analysis of parents revealed that A3 cytoplasm can be used along with the widely used A1 cytoplasm, which helps in the diversification of the male sterile base of forage sorghum hybrids.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCytoplasmicmalesterility(CMS)hasprovedtobeaneffectiveandefficientgenetictoolinsorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)hybridbreedingprograms.TheA1 (milocytoplasm)CMStypehasbeenwidelyexploitedtoproduce both commercial grain and forage sorghum hybrids. To explore the possibility of using alternative CMS (non-milo cytoplasm) sources, we studied the effect of cytoplasm on forage yield and quality in sorghum. Nine female (CMS) lines (representing three each in A1,A 2, and A3 cytoplasms) and five male lines were used to generate 45 hybrids, which were evaluatedinthreeenvironments.Cytoplasmanditsfirst-orderinteractionwithlocationandmaleandfemalelinesshowedthe presence of a cytoplasmic effect on the majority of fodder yield and quality traits examined. The CMS lines possessing A3 cytoplasm(A3N213andA3N193)weregoodcombinersforimportantfodderyieldandqualitytraits.Forhydrocyanicacid, theCMSlinespossessingA1cytoplasmweregoodcombiners.Meanperformanceofhybridsandcombiningabilityanalysis ofparentsrevealedthatA3cytoplasmcanbeusedalongwiththewidelyusedA1cytoplasm,whichhelpsinthediversification of the male sterile base of forage sorghum hybrids.Not Availabl