Highly efficient, dual state emission from an organic semiconductor

We report highly efficient, simultaneous fluorescence and phosphorescence (74% yield) at room temperature from a single molecule ensemble of (BzP)PB dispersed into a polymer host. The slow phosphorescence (208 ms lifetime) is very efficient (50%) at room temperature and only possible because the non-radiative rate for the triplet state is extremely low. The ability of an organic molecule to function as an efficient dual state emitter at room temperature is unusual and opens new fields of applications including the use as broadband down-conversion emitters, optical sensors and attenuators, exciton probes, and spin-independent intermediates for F\"orster resonant energy transfer

Donaldson-Thomas invariants and wall-crossing formulas

Notes from the report at the Fields institute in Toronto. We introduce the Donaldson-Thomas invariants and describe the wall-crossing formulas for numerical Donaldson-Thomas invariants.Comment: 18 pages. To appear in the Fields Institute Monograph Serie

Effect of annealing treatments on the anisotropy of a magnesium alloy sheet processed by severe rolling

The effect of annealing treatments on the normal plastic anisotropy (r-value) of a magnesium alloy, AZ61, processed by severe rolling was investigated. The various annealing treatments produce two effects on microstructure: grain coarsening and slight weakening of the texture. In addition, these treatments produce a noticeable decrease of the anisotropy that was correlated with an increase in strain rate sensitivity and a decrease of work hardening rate. It is concluded that an enhanced contribution of basal slip occurs as a consequence of the annealing treatments.The authors acknowledge the financial support from the CICYT grant MAT 2006-02672 awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science.Peer reviewe

Degenerate flag varieties: moment graphs and Schr\"oder numbers

We study geometric and combinatorial properties of the degenerate flag varieties of type A. These varieties are acted upon by the automorphism group of a certain representation of a type A quiver, containing a maximal torus T. Using the group action, we describe the moment graphs, encoding the zero- and one-dimensional T-orbits. We also study the smooth and singular loci of the degenerate flag varieties. We show that the Euler characteristic of the smooth locus is equal to the large Schr\"oder number and the Poincar\'e polynomial is given by a natural statistics counting the number of diagonal steps in a Schr\"oder path. As an application we obtain a new combinatorial description of the large and small Schr\"oder numbers and their q-analogues.Comment: 25 page

Einsatz molekularer Marker zur Analyse der genetischen Diversität unterschiedlicher Populationen der Blutlauszehrwespe, Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Die Blutlaus Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) wurde Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts nach Europa eingeschleppt. E. lanigerum ist ein Schädling des Apfels, wobei es durch die Saugtätigkeit der Aphiden zu Wuchshemmungen (Blutlauskrebs, Blutlausgallen) infolge von Stoffwechselstörungen, zu irreversiblen Trieb- und Knospenschäden bis hin zum Absterben des Baumes kommen kann. Durch ihre versteckte Lebensweise unter den Rindenschuppen des Baumes sowie auf Grund von flüssigkeitsabweisenden Wachsausscheidungen sind die Tiere sehr gut gegen chemische Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen geschützt. Alternativ kann eine biologische Bekämpfung über den natürlichen Gegenspieler der Blutlaus, die Blutlauszehrwespe Aphelinus mali (HALDEN), erfolgen. Zwar kann sich diese Zehrwespe in wärmeren Gebieten sehr gut vermehren, bei niedrigen Frühjahrstemperaturen kann die Populationsdichte aber stark minimiert werden oder ganz einbrechen. Auch feuchte Witterung wird von A. mali nicht gut vertragen und schmälert die Parasitierungsraten. Die Blutlauszehrwespe hat einen Entwicklungsnullpunkt bei 8,3 bis 9,0°C, während die Blutlaus erst bei ca. 5°C ihre Entwicklung einstellt. Damit ergibt sich die Frage, ob es Biotypen dieser Schlupfwespe gibt, die möglicherweise besser an die vor Ort herrschenden Klimabedingungen angepasst sind. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchungen war es daher, das Ausmaß der genetischen Diversität zwischen einzelnen Populationen zu erfassen und somit Aussagen über eventuell auftretende Biotypen der Wespe treffen zu können.The endoparasitoid Aphelinus mali (HALDEMAN) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) has been introduced from its native home North America to Europe in 1920 as a biological control agent for the woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (HAUSMANN). When A. mali appears early in spring with the temperatures being relatively low at this time, the rate of parasitism and consequently the effectivity of the parasite is quite low. Thus, an identification and a subsequent release of A. mali biotypes which might be better adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions could result in higher parasitisation rates by this parasitoid. As a first step towards the identification of A. mali biotypes we examined the extent of genetic diversity in A. mali field populations and in individuals from a laboratory rearing A. mali was collected from different regions such as Germany (BBA Dossenheim, Lake Constance, Altes Land, Stuttgart-Mühlhausen, Ahrweiler), Canada, France, Italy and the Netherlands and genomic DNA was analysed using the AFLP-Technique (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) as well as amplification and sequence analysis of the ITS-2 (Internally Transcribed Spacer) region

Market access to new anticancer medicines for children and adolescents with cancer in Europe

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is an alarming delay in Europe for anticancer medicines becoming accessible for children. Following a paediatric European Union marketing authorisation, national Health Technology Assessment (HTA) agencies evaluate effectiveness, and safety of medicines to support decision on their cost and reimbursement. This study (a SIOPE Access to Medicines project) aimed to evaluate how these HTA evaluations take place for anticancer medicines indicated for paediatric use in Europe and to explore where the delays for market access originate. METHODS: We obtained HTA reports from the public domain for nine European countries for blinatumomab, dinutuximab beta and tisagenlecleucel. We evaluated the time elapsed between marketing authorisation for a paediatric indication and a national HTA decision and the nature of the decision. RESULTS: Out of 23 HTA decisions (four countries without blinatumomab report), 18 were positive, two with restrictions, three negative. For blinatumomab, tisagenlecleucel and dinutuximab beta, the median time to an HTA decision after regulatory approval for paediatric use was 353 days (range 193-751), 141 days (range 77-517) and 515 days (range 0-780), respectively, with variability between countries. Dinutuximab beta and tisagenlecleucel were first introduced in children, but did not result in shorter time to HTA decision. For blinatumomab, marketing authorisation followed 1008 days after the indication in adults, with HTA applications submitted a median of 167 days later, and a recommendation after 145 days. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals ample variability in HTA decision making in nine European Union countries. Collaboration and alignment of required evidence is needed to facilitate robust scientific HTA assessments, also considering methodological challenges in paediatric oncology

Renal phenotype of Et-1 transgenic mice is modulated by androgens

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Activation of the endothelin (ET) system promotes inflammation and fibrosis in various tissues including the kidney. Male ET-1 transgenic mice are characterized by chronic kidney inflammation and renal scarring. We hypothesized that this renal phenotype might be modulated by androgens. Thus the aim of our study was to elucidate the impact of gonadectomy in ET-1 transgenic mice on kidney function and morphology.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Male ET-1 transgenic mice at the age of 10 weeks were randomly allocated to the following groups: normal ET transgenic mice (ET; n = 17) and ET transgenic mice that underwent castration (ET+cas; n = 12). Study duration was 9 months. Creatinine clearance and protein excretion was monitored. At study end animals were sacrificed and kidneys were harvested for histology/immunhistochemistry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Castration significantly ameliorated glomerulosclerosis in ET-1 transgenic mice (ET glomerulosclerosis-score: 3.0 ± 0.17 vs ET+cas: 2.4 ± 0.17; p < 0.05) as well as renal perivascular fibrosis (ET fibrosis-score: 3.0 ± 0.14 vs ET+cas: 2.2 ± 0.14; p < 0.05). However, interstitial fibrosis and media/lumenratio of renal arteries remained unaffected by castration. Regarding inflammation, castration significantly reduced the number of CD4-positive cells in renal tissue of ET-1 transgenic mice (ET CD4-positive cells/10000 cells: 355 ± 72 vs ET+cas: 147 ± 28; p < 0.05). Renal tissue contents of CD8 positive cells as well as of macrophages were not affected by castration. Regarding kidney function castration significantly reduced proteinuria in ET-1 transgenic mice whereas creatinine clearance did not differ between study groups.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our study demonstrates that the renal histopathological phenotype in male ET-1 transgenic mice with regard to glomerulosclerosis, proteinuria, perivascular fibrosis and immune cell immigration is ameliorated by castration. We thus conclude that the effects of ET-1 overexpression on renal tissue injury are modulated by androgens.</p