977 research outputs found
On the Quantum Kinetic Equation in Weak Turbulence
The quantum kinetic equation used in the study of weak turbulence is
reconsidered in the context of a theory with a generic quartic interaction. The
expectation value of the time derivative of the mode number operators is
computed in a perturbation expansion which places the large diagonal component
of the quartic term in the unperturbed Hamiltonian. Although one is not
perturbing around a free field theory, the calculation is easily tractable
owing to the fact that the unperturbed Hamiltonian can be written solely in
terms of the mode number operators.Comment: 12 pages, LATEX, no figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.
Daily Mutual Fund Flows and Redemption Policies
We examine how redemption policies affect daily fund flows in open-end mutual funds. Since short-term trading of fund shares, as manifested in daily fund flows, can have an adverse impact on returns to the fund’s shareholders, mutual funds might find it desirable to discourage short-term trading through the use of redemption fees. However, if daily fund flows are due to fund shareholders’ legitimate liquidity demands, the redemption fee would have little effect on daily fund flows and possibly adversely affect fund shareholders by imposing a liquidity cost on them. We find that the likelihood of a fund charging a redemption fee is largely a function of its overall fee structure. We also use a sample of funds that imposed redemption fees to examine whether the distribution of daily fund flows changes after the initiation of the redemption fee. We find that the redemption fee is an effective tool in controlling the volatility of fund flows
A simple model for electron plasma heating in supernova remnants
Context: Multiwavelength observations of supernova remnants can be explained
within the framework of diffusive shock acceleration theory, which allows
effective conversion of the explosion energy into cosmic rays. Although the
models of nonlinear shocks describe reasonably well the nonthermal component of
emission, certain issues, including the heating of the thermal electron plasma
and the related X-ray emission, still remain open.
Methods: Numerical solution of the equations of the Chevalier model for
supernova remnant evolution, coupled with Coulomb scattering heating of the
electrons.
Results: The electron temperature and the X-ray thermal Bremsstrahlung
emission from supernova remnants have been calculated as functions of the
relevant parameters. Since only the Coulomb mechanism was considered for
electron heating, the values obtained for the electron temperatures should be
treated as lower limits. Results from this work can be useful to constrain
model parameters for observed SNRs.Comment: Accepted to A&A as a research not
Ion Charge States in Halo CMEs: What can we Learn about the Explosion?
We describe a new modeling approach to develop a more quantitative
understanding of the charge state distributions of the ions of various elements
detected in situ during halo Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) events by the Advanced
Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite. Using a model CME hydrodynamic evolution
based on observations of CMEs propagating in the plane of the sky and on
theoretical models, we integrate time dependent equations for the ionization
balance of various elements to compare with ACE data. We find that plasma in
the CME ``core'' typically requires further heating following filament
eruption, with thermal energy input similar to the kinetic energy input. This
extra heating is presumably the result of post eruptive reconnection. Plasma
corresponding to the CME ``cavity'' is usually not further ionized, since
whether heated or not, the low density gives freeze-in close the the Sun. The
current analysis is limited by ambiguities in the underlying model CME
evolution. Such methods are likely to reach their full potential when applied
to data to be acquired by STEREO when at optimum separation. CME evolution
observed with one spacecraft may be used to interpret CME charge states
detected by the other.Comment: 20 pages, accepted by Ap
Composition Structure of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections From Multispacecraft Observations, Modeling, and Comparison with Numerical Simulations
We present an analysis of the ionic composition of iron for two
interplanetary coronal mass ejections observed in May 21-23 2007 by the ACE and
STEREO spacecraft in the context of the magnetic structure of the ejecta flux
rope, sheath region, and surrounding solar wind flow. This analysis is made
possible due to recent advances in multispacecraft data interpolation,
reconstruction, and visualization as well as results from recent modeling of
ionic charge states in MHD simulations of magnetic breakout and flux
cancellation CME initiation. We use these advances to interpret specific
features of the ICME plasma composition resulting from the magnetic topology
and evolution of the CME. We find that in both the data and our MHD
simulations, the flux ropes centers are relatively cool, while charge state
enhancements surround and trail the flux ropes. The magnetic orientation of the
ICMEs are suggestive of magnetic breakout-like reconnection during the eruption
process, which could explain the spatial location of the observed iron
enhancements just outside the traditional flux rope magnetic signatures and
between the two ICMEs. Detailed comparisons between the simulations and data
were more complicated, but a sharp increase in high iron charge states in the
ACE and STEREO-A data during the second flux rope corresponds well to similar
features in the flux cancellation results. We discuss the prospects of this
integrated in-situ data analysis and modeling approach to advancing our
understanding of the unified CME-to-ICME evolution.Comment: Accepted for submission to The Astrophysical Journa
The Longitudinal Properties of a Solar Energetic Particle Event Investigated Using Modern Solar Imaging
We use combined high-cadence, high-resolution, and multi-point imaging by the Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory to investigate the hour-long eruption of a fast and wide coronal mass ejection (CME) on 2011 March 21 when the twin STEREO spacecraft were located beyond the solar limbs. We analyze the relation between the eruption of the CME, the evolution of an Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) wave, and the onset of a solar energetic particle (SEP) event measured in situ by the STEREO and near-Earth orbiting spacecraft. Combined ultraviolet and white-light images of the lower corona reveal that in an initial CME lateral "expansion phase," the EUV disturbance tracks the laterally expanding flanks of the CME, both moving parallel to the solar surface with speeds of ~450 km s^(–1). When the lateral expansion of the ejecta ceases, the EUV disturbance carries on propagating parallel to the solar surface but devolves rapidly into a less coherent structure. Multi-point tracking of the CME leading edge and the effects of the launched compression waves (e.g., pushed streamers) give anti-sunward speeds that initially exceed 900 km s^(–1) at all measured position angles. We combine our analysis of ultraviolet and white-light images with a comprehensive study of the velocity dispersion of energetic particles measured in situ by particle detectors located at STEREO-A (STA) and first Lagrange point (L1), to demonstrate that the delayed solar particle release times at STA and L1 are consistent with the time required (30-40 minutes) for the CME to perturb the corona over a wide range of longitudes. This study finds an association between the longitudinal extent of the perturbed corona (in EUV and white light) and the longitudinal extent of the SEP event in the heliosphere
Measuring Future Time Perspective across Adulthood: Development and Evaluation of a Brief Multidimensional Questionnaire.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:
Despite calls for the consideration of future time perspective (FTP) as a multidimensional construct, mostly unidimensional measurement instruments have been used. This study had two objectives: (a) to develop a brief multidimensional questionnaire for assessing FTP in adulthood and evaluate its psychometric properties; and (b) to examine age associations and age-group differences of the dimensions of FTP.
DESIGN AND METHODS:
Data were collected from 625 community-residing adults between the ages of 18 and 93, representing young, middle-aged, and older adults. The psychometric evaluation involved exploratory factor analyses (EFA) and confirmatory FA (CFA), reliability and validity analyses, and measurement invariance testing. Zero-order and partial correlations were used to examine the association of the dimensions of FTP with age, and multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine age-group differences.
RESULTS:
EFA and CFA supported a three-factor solution: Future as Open, Future as Limited, and Future as Ambiguous. Metric measurement invariance for this factor structure was confirmed across the three age groups. Reliability and validity analyses provided evidence of sound psychometric properties of the brief questionnaire. Age was negatively associated with Future as Open and positively associated with Future as Limited. Young adults exhibited significantly greater ambiguity toward the future than middle-aged or older adults.
IMPLICATIONS:
This study provides evidence in support of the psychometric properties of a new brief multidimensional FTP scale. It also provides evidence for a pattern of age associations and age-group differences consistent with life-span developmental theory
Predictors of periprocedural complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions within coronary artery bypass grafts
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