Not Available

Not AvailableOf late, shrimp farming has emerged as one of the most important segments in commercial fishing. This calls for more cautious and informed intervention in handling the threats faced by the industry. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), the causative agent of Hepatopancreatic Microsporidiosis (HPM) is one such major threat for the shrimp farming industry. It is an emerging microsporidian parasite for penaeid shrimp, which has been associated with growth retardation and significant losses in several shrimp farming countries in Asia.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableBetanodaviruses are the causative agents of the disease known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN) or viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in a variety of marine and freshwater fish species. The aim of this study was to demonstrate experimental infection of an isolate of betanodavirus (RGNNV genotype) in freshwater fish,Gambusia affinis,for elucidation of transmission mechanism and potential use as a laboratory model. Morbidity and mortality rate was significantly higher by injection route of infection as compared to immersion by bath and resembled the natural infection of juvenile marine fish.The fish in disease affected group showed severe neurological disorders accompanied by extensive vacuolar degeneration and mild to moderate neuronal necrosis of the brain in comparison to control. Amplification of ~427 bp product in the variable region of the coat protein gene of betanodavirus was achieved by RT-PCR with 100% sequence homology to RGNNV genotype.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableThis study was undertaken to investigate the cause of mortality in the captive stock of silver moony Monodactylus argenteus. The fishes showed severe infection of dinoflagellate protozoan Amyloodinium sp. (Blastodinida, Oodiniaceae) on gills and skin with complete mortality of the stock within a week. Histopathological changes were evident in the gill tissues with severe lamellar epithelial cell hyperplasia and amellar fusions with the presence of trophonts of Amyloodinium sp. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also revealed trophonts of Amyloodinium sp. of varying sizes in groups consisting of 3 to 5 trophonts tightly attached to gill lamellae. Source water contaminated with the tiny infectious form of the parasite (dinospores) favoured by higher salinity and low water temperature in the rearing tank could be the triggering factor for the spurt of infections. Proper quarantine and biosecurity protocols to prevent the potential sources of water-borne infection sources are likely to be far more effective than treatment.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailablePenaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei shrimp samples (hepatopancreas and faeces) collected from grow-out farms were evaluated for the presence of newly emerged microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei by concentration techniques using either water–ether sedimentation or Sheather’s sugar solution for spore recovery and subsequent microscopic detection by modified trichrome stain (Ryan-blue method). This improved selective staining protocol can easily resolve the identification of microsporidian spores in hepatopancreatic tubules compared to conventional stains. This method enables differential diagnosis of microsporidian spores by a characteristic staining pattern of pinkish-red, often with a belt-like diagonal stripe seen in the middle of the spore and a halo of unstained area at one end which could be easily distinguished from similarly staining particles or debris.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableThe emerging microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), the causative agent of hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis, has been widely reported in shrimp-farming countries. EHP infection can be detected by light microscopy observation of spores (1.7 × 1 μm) in stained hepatopancreas (HP) tissue smears, HP tissue sections, and fecal samples. EHP can also be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene or the spore wall protein gene (SWP). In this study, a rapid, sensitive, specific, and closed tube visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) protocol combined with FTA cards was developed for the diagnosis of EHP. LAMP primers were designed based on the SSU rRNA gene of EHP. The target sequence of EHP was amplified at constant temperature of 5 °C for 45 min and amplified LAMP products were visually detected in a closed tube system by using SYBR™ green I dye. Detection limit of this LAMP protocol was ten copies. Field and clinical applicability of this assay was evaluated using 162 field samples including 106 HP tissue samples and 56 fecal samples collected from shrimp farms. Out of 162 samples, EHP could be detected in 62 samples (47 HP samples and 15 fecal samples). When compared with SWP-PCR as the gold standard, this EHP LAMP assay had 95.31% sensitivity, 98.98% specificity, and a kappa value of 0.948. This simple, closed tube, clinically evaluated visual LAMP assay has great potential for diagnosing EHP at the farm level, particularly under low-resource circumstances.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableHere, we report the draft genome sequence of an isolate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, VP14, recovered from the gut of Penaeus vannamei shrimp farmed in southern India. The genome of VP14 comprised 5,224,046 bp with a GC content of 45.3% and contained 5,326 genes, including 4,972 coding sequences.Not Availabl