A 30-year trend of the incidence and death of tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancers in Iran and forecasting until 2026 based on time series analysis

Objective: Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the world, with an estimated 2.2 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths and is the fifth most common cancer in men and the sixth most common cancer in women in Iran. This study was conducted to investigate a 30-year trend of the incidence and death of tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer in Iran and its forecasting until 2026. Materials and Methods: The Iranian population's age-standardized (ASR) incidence and death rates of tracheal, bronchial, and lung (TBL) cancers were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Online Database from 1990 to 2019. Statistical analysis was performed using the time series method with Interactive Time Series Modeling (ITSM) software and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. Results: The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of lung cancer in Iranians (both gender) had an increasing trend from 2004 to 2019 among men and from 1990 to 2019 in women with a continued predicted increasing trend for 7 years. ASIR will increase to 13.53, 17.36, and 9.26 per 100,000 people in the total population, men and women, respectively. ASDR will increase to 14.13, 18.18, and 9.22 per 100,000 people in the total population, men and women, respectively. Conclusions: In according to the predicted increasing trend of TBL cancers in Iran in the future, the reasons for the continuation of this increasing trend should be fully investigated, and then by using the experiences of successful countries in reducing lung cancer, effective measures should be considered to reduce the morbidity, mortality, and burden of these cancers in Iran

Global distribution of incidence, mortality, and burden of stomach cancers and its relationship with the sociodemographic index

Objective: Stomach cancer ranked sixth among the most common cancers in 2020, with approximately 1.1 million new cases and approximately 76,900 deaths. Therefore, estimations of the incidence and mortality, and burden of stomach cancers are needed to plan for cancer control. In this study, the updated distribution of incidence, mortality, and global burden of stomach cancer based on different classifications was investigated according to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 Study. Materials and Methods: Epidemiological data have been derived from the study of the GBD in 2019. Data were extracted globally for 204 countries and groups based on a sociodemographic index (SDI), world health organization (WHO) regions, continents, World Bank regions, and 21 GBD regions. The correlations with SDI were investigated by Spearman's rho correlation coefficient and SPSS 2016 software. Results: The global distribution of incidence, mortality, and burden of stomach cancers varies in different geographical areas. Mortality and burden of stomach cancer are related to sociodemographic indicators of countries. No correlation was detected between the incidence of stomach cancer and SDI. Gender is also one of the effective factors in the death and incidence of stomach cancer. Conclusions: Estimating the cancer burden, taking into account both mortality and morbidity, is a key step in prioritizing research and policy. It can also be used to prioritize when combined with data on the cost of cancer interventions

Temporal trends of colon and rectum cancer between 2010 and 2019 in Asian countries by geographical region and SDI: a comparison with global data

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the trends in incidence, mortality, and burden of colon and rectum cancer (CRC) in Asia from 2010 through 2019 comparing them with the other global continental data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected CRC data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study from 2010 to 2019 in 49 countries and territories in Asia. For all locations, annual case data and age-standardized rates (ASRs) were used to investigate the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of CRC from 2010 to 2019. The relative difference (%) between years was used to show comparative variations of age-standardized rates for the indicators studied. RESULTS: In 2019, more than 50% of CRC cases and deaths, prevalence, and DALYs occurred in Asian countries. From 2010 to 2019, incidences, deaths, prevalence cases, and Daly’s number increased of CRC increased over 1.46, 1.37, 1.52, and 1.31-fold, in Asia. During this period, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), and the age-standardized DALYs rate (DALYs ASR) of CRC increased by 9%, 15%, and 1%, re- spectively. The age-standardized death rate (ASDR) had a constant trend. At the same time, these rates increased slowly or had a decreasing trend globally and in America and Europe. In 2019, age-specific incidence, death, preva- lence, and DALY cases of CRC cancer were peaking at 65–69, 70-74, 65–69, and 65–69 years, respectively. In 2019, the highest ASIR, ASDR, and ASPR of CRC were observed in High-income Asia Pacific countries and the highest DALYs ASR in Southeast Asia countries. While South Asia countries experienced the highest increasing trend in ASIR and ASDR, ASPR, and DALYs ASR, the High-income Asia Pacific countries experienced the highest decreasing trend from 2010 to 2019. In 2019, among high SDI Asian countries, Taiwan had the highest ASIR and ASPR, and Brunei Darussalam had the highest ASDR and DALY ASR. Among high-middle SDIs, Lebanon has the highest ASIR and ASPR, and Malaysia has the highest ASDR and DALYs ASR; among middle SDIs, China has the highest ASIR and ASPR, and Vietnam has the highest ASDR and DALYs ASR; among low-middle SDIs, Palestine has the highest ASIR, ASDR, ASPR, and DALY ASR of CRC can- cer. Among low SDI Asian countries, Pakistan has the highest ASIR and ASPR, and, Afghanistan has the highest ASDR and DALY ASR for CRC cancer. For four indicators, in most countries, the ratio of men is higher than women. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the global burden of CRC occurs in Asian countries, and the increasing trend of incidence, death, prevalence, and burden of this cancer in these countries is faster than in other regions. Therefore, it seems necessary to implement appropriate prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies in Asian countries to reduce the burden of this disease

Temporal trends of stomach cancer between 2010 and 2019 in Asian countries by geographical region and socio-demographic index: a comparison with global data

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the trends in stomach cancer (SC) incidence, mortality, and burden in Asia from 2010 to 2019 and compare them with global data. Materials and Methods: We collected SC data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study from 2010 to 2019 in 49 countries and territories in Asia. Annual case data and age-standardized rates (ASRs) were used to investigate SC incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from 2010 to 2019. Comparative variations of age-standardized rates for the indicators studied were shown using the relative difference (%) between years. Results: In 2019, more than 70% of SC cases and deaths, prevalence, and DALYs occurred in Asian countries. From 2010 to 2019, incidences, deaths, and the prevalence of SC cases increased by 1.1, 1.03, 1.2, and Daly’s number decreased by 0.12-fold, in Asia. During this period, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), the age-standardized death rate (ASDR), and the age-standardized DALYs rate (DALYs ASR) of SC decreased by 18%, 23%, and 24%, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) increased by 9%. These trends, at the same time, were similar to the trends of global data and other continents. In 2019, age-specific incidence and death cases of SC cancer were peaking at 70-74 years, and prevalence and DALY cases were peaking at 65–69 years. In 2019, the highest ASIR, ASDR, and DALYs ASR of SC were observed in East Asia countries and the highest ASPR in High-income Asia Pacific countries. While all countries experienced a decreasing trend in ASIR and DALYs ASR, the trends for ASPR were increasing in some countries from 2010 to 2019. In 2019, among the high Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) Asian countries, the Republic of Korea had the highest ASIR and ASPR, and Brunei Darussalam had the highest ASDR and DALYs ASR. Among high-middle SDIs, Kazakhstan had the highest ASIR, ASDR, and ASPR, and Georgia had the highest DALYs ASR; among middle SDIs, China had the highest ASIR and ASPR, and Azerbaijan had the highest ASDR and DALYs ASR; among low-middle SDIs, Mongolia had the highest ASIR, ASDR, ASPR, and DALY ASR of SC cancer. Among low SDI Asian countries, Afghanistan had the highest ASIR, ASDR, ASPR, and DALY ASR of SC cancer. For four indicators, in most countries, the ratio of men was higher than women. Conclusions: Despite the decreasing trend observed in the age-standardized rates of incidence, prevalence, and burden of stomach cancer in Asia, more than 70% of the burden caused by stomach cancer is imposed on Asian countries. Therefore, knowing the risk factors and behavioral habits that lead to the difference in stomach cancer statistics in Asia compared to other countries is pivotal to implement preventive strategies

Effects of herbal compounds on various aspects of endometriosis treatment: a systematic review

Objective: Endometriosis means the presence of tissue similar to normal endometrium outside the uterus. Although surgical, hormonal, and analgesic treatment relieves symptoms and improves fertility, it is associated with side effects and a high recurrence rate. Alternative medicines like medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of chronic diseases. Given the global importance of endometriosis as a chronic disease affecting over 15% of all women in their fertile period, this systematic review aimed to give a comprehensive view of research on medicinal plants. Materials and methods: Comprehensive searches were performed on three databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection (Indexes = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A, and HCI Timespan), and Scopus, to identify papers published until June 2023. Keywords, such as "Endometriosis" and "Herbal Medicine", were used to search. A manual search of valid journals followed by a manual search of the references of the retrieved full-text articles was performed. All retrieved articles were imported into a database into Endnote X9. Articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded from the study, and the full texts of all the articles that met the inclusion criteria were assessed. Studies that evaluated the effects of herbal compounds on various aspects of endometriosis treatment were included in the review. Results: In total, 11 studies were included in the present study. The evidence showed that in addition to safety, drugs available alongside treatments could play an effective role in improving the symptoms associated with endometriosis. In this study, the positive results of using Chinese treatments were reported in aspects such as fertility rate, pain, endometriosis recurrence rate, quality of life, sexual function, CA-125 level, and menopause symptoms. Conclusions: A wide range of preclinical and clinical studies evaluated the effectiveness and safety of medicinal plants in the treatment of endometriosis symptoms. Thus, alternative treatments for endometriosis with no or low side effects should be included in the holistic treatment of endometriosis upfront. However, there is still a need for well-designed trials to investigate standard interventions and specific and safe doses of herbal medicines