MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL CHANGES OF THYMUS AND CONTENTS OF BLOOD LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN FEMALE WISTAR RATS WITH DIFFERENT RESISTANCE TO HYPOXIA IN SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Hypoxia and immune reactions are closely interrelated at molecular, cellular and organism levels, and the individuals differ in resistance to oxygen deficiency. Animals with high and low resistance to hypoxia have different adaptive capabilities and predisposition to the development of inflammatory diseases. Data on the individual characteristics of hypoxia resistance in female laboratory animals and humans, and its relationship to immune system reactions in both normal conditions and inflammatory diseases are not available in the literature. It is known, however, that acute infectious and inflammatory diseases develop at lesser rates and are less severe in women and female laboratory animals than in males, which can be explained by higher resistance of females to hypoxia. The aim of our study is to reveal the features of morpho-functional thymus changes, and subpopulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in systemic inflammatory response induced by LPS administration to female Wistar rats with different resistance to hypoxia. Resistance of mature female Wistar rats to hypoxia was determined as a survival period in a ventilated lowpressure chamber simulating high altitude condition (11 500 m). The rats with a lifetime “at high altitude” of > 180 s have been classified as highly resistant to hypoxia, and the animals surviving for < 20 seconds were designated low-resistant. One month after determining the hypoxia resistance, the females were injected intraperitoneally with E. coli O26:B6 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg during the dioestrus phase. The animals were withdrawn from the experiment by i/m Zoletyl injection (15 mg/kg) one day after LPS administration. The relative volume fractions of thymic cortex and medulla were evaluated; the areas of necrosis were determined in the liver, and the number of neutrophils in the interalveolar septa was counted in the lungs. The serum contents of corticosterone, testosterone, TGF-β were determined. A flow cytometry evaluation of the relative and absolute numbers was performed for major subpopulations of lymphocytes in peripheral blood. The number of apoptotically dying cells of the thymus was assessed. For statistical processing of the obtained data, the Statistica 8.0 software was applied, using criteria of multiple comparisons by Kruskal–Wallis and Dann. The differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.In both high- and low-resistant to hypoxia females, the development of a systemic inflammatory -response was accompanied by a moderately severe thymic involution, apoptosis of thymocytes, an increase in the absolute number of NK, and rise of testosterone and corticosterone contents. LPS injection into low-resistant rats, if compared to females highly resistant to hypoxia, led to more severe manifestations of systemic inflammation, i.e., a pronounced inflammatory reaction in the lungs and a more extensive liver necrotic area accompanied by increased absolute numbers of regulatory T lymphocytes and T helper cells, and more pronounced thymic accidental involution with apoptotic death of thymocytes. Systemic manifestations of inflammation were less pronounced in hypoxia-resistant female rats, which was apparently associated with activation of lymphocyte  migration from the thymus and blood to the inflammation focus, and development of more effective immune response.Conclusion: immune reactions in the systemic inflammatory response induced by LPS in female Wistar rats depend on individual resistance to hypoxia. These data should be used to develop approaches to personalized therapy of infectious and inflammatory diseases in women

Morphofunctional changes of microglia in adult and old Wistar rats

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases leading to dementia. There is no effective treatments for this disease so far, as well as a consensus concerning the mechanisms of its pathogenesis initiation. Obtaining data on them in vivo is possible only by modeling neurodegeneration in laboratory animals. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases leading to dementia. There is no effective treatments for this disease so far, as well as a consensus concerning the mechanisms of its pathogenesis initiation. Obtaining data on them in vivo is possible only by modeling neurodegeneration in laboratory animals. Among the various theories of the initiation of neurodegeneration, the impact of microglia is vigorously studied recently, as well as inflammaging, which is a term for chronic age-related low-grade systemic inflammation. It manifests in the increasing number of senescent cells with senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Eventually, it leads to manifestation and progression of age-related diseases, such as AD. The aim of the study was to evaluate age-related changes in microglia, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression levels in the brain, as well as ones of microglial activation, and also subpopulations of lymphocytes in peripheral blood. We used male Wistar rats of two age groups, which were composed of old (age 24 months) and adult (age 3 months) rodents, without any additional exposure. In the hippocampus, morphological changes in microglia were assessed on preparations stained with antibodies to Iba1. In the prefrontal cortex, RT-qPCR was used to study the level of expression of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and TNFa, anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-b cytokines, as well as microglial activation markers iNOS and MMP-9. In the peripheral blood, the relative numbers of the main subpopulations of lymphocytes and monocyte were measured by flow cytometry. It was shown that, compared with adult rats, old animals are characterized by significant changes in the morphology of microglia, an increase in the level of expression of pro-inflammatory and a decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines, and an increase in microglia activation markers. With aging, a decrease in the percentage of monocytes and B cells in peripheral blood was observed. These data indicate the development of inflammaging, which displays itself in microglia activation, a shift in the balance of cytokine production towards pro-inflammatory ones, and, as a result, activation of the migration of monocytes and B lymphocytes from the blood into tissues. Thus, it is justified to study the role of inflammation in the development of AD in old animals whose physiological state corresponds to that in humans. Further research in this area will expand the understanding of the mechanisms of initiation and progression of neurodegeneration, which is necessary for the development of novel and effective therapeutic approaches to the treatment of AD

Phagocytic activity of peripheral blood monocytes under <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> hypoxia conditions in tolerant and susceptible to oxygen deficiency rats

It is known that there are individual differences in resistance to hypoxia, which can determine the predisposition to the development and severity of various diseases, including infectious, inflammatory and tumor. There are no standardized methods for assessing resistance to hypoxia in experimental animals and humans without hypoxic exposure. The search for molecular-biological markers, identifying people with different resistance to oxygen deficiency under normoxic conditions or under moderate hypoxic exposure is undoubtedly efficient. It is possible that the assessment of the basic resistance to hypoxia can help to predict the development and severity of the course of diseases, the mechanisms of which are associated with oxygen deficiency. One of the methods to assess organism resistance to hypoxia without exposure in a decompression chamber or in highland conditions can be modeling hypoxia in vitro. The aim of the study was to characterize the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood monocytes in tolerant and susceptible to hypoxia Wistar rats under normoxic conditions, as well as after hypoxic exposure in vitro and in vivo. The resistance of rats to hypoxia was determined by the gasping time at an altitude of 11.500 m in a decompression chamber. A month after determining the resistance to hypoxia, one group of rats was placed in a decompression chamber at an altitude of 5,000 m for 1 hour to simulate the hypoxic state in vivo. Blood from the tail vein of the other group of rats was placed in 1% oxygen for 1 hour to simulate the hypoxic state in vitro. The phagocytic activity of peripheral blood monocytes was assessed by flow cytometry. It was demonstrated that phagocytic activity of monocytes did not differ in tolerant and susceptible to hypoxia rats under normoxic conditions. The phagocytic activity of monocytes after in vitro and in vivo hypoxic exposure was higher in tolerant to hypoxia animals in comparison to susceptible ones. An increase in the phagocytic activity of monocytes compared to normoxia conditions was observed only in tolerant rats under in vitro conditions of hypoxic exposure. The obtained results indicate that tolerant and susceptible to hypoxia organisms differ in the phagocytic activity of monocytes under conditions of oxygen deficiency, which can determine the course of inflammatory and tumor diseases. The data obtained will be the basis for further experimental investigations organism hypoxia resistance markers

Характеристика кори у детей в период подъема заболеваемости в 2019 году

In Moscow, as in Russia, in 2019 there was an increase in the incidence of measles in recent years.Purpose: to analyze the course of measles in children hospitalized in 2019 during the period of rising incidence.Materials and methods: a retrospective analysis and statistical processing of 30 case histories of children hospitalized with measles in the infectious diseases department of the Children's City Clinical Hospital № 9 named after G.N. Speransky in 2019.Results: More than half of the patients were under the age of 3 years (53%). In 90% of cases, the sick were not vaccinated, in 73% – due to the refusal of their parents. Only 23% of patients had measles contact, mostly familial. Measles in hospitalized children proceeds typically, in 83.3% of cases in a moderate form, with characteristic pathognomonic symptoms: in 83.3% of patients, Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots are detected, on average, on the 4.4 ± 0.8 day of illness, spotted – papular rash on the face with staged distribution and subsequent staged pigmentation in all patients. Complications develop in 66.7% of cases, more often pneumonia (36.7%) and obstructive bronchitis (20%), which in 16.7% of cases cause the severity of the course and lead to the development of emergency syndromes and conditions (respiratory failure, obstructive syndrome).Conclusions. Failure to vaccinate against measles contributes to morbidity with possible complications.В Москве, как и в России, в 2019 г. отмечен подъем заболеваемости корью за последние годы.Цель: проанализировать течение кори у госпитализированных в 2019 г. детей в период подъема заболеваемости.Материалы и методы: проведен ретроспективный анализ и статистическая обработка 30 историй болезни детей, госпитализированных с корью в инфекционное отделение ГБУЗ «ДГКБ № 9 им. Г.Н. Сперанского ДЗМ» в 2019 г.Результаты: Больше половины пациентов было в возрасте до 3 лет (53%). В 90% случаев заболевшие не были вакцинированы, в 73% – по причине отказа родителей. Только у 23% пациентов был установлен контакт по кори, преимущественно семейный. Корь у госпитализированных детей протекает типично, в 83,3% случаев в среднетяжелой форме, с характерными патогномоничными симптомами: у 83,3% больных выявляются пятна Бельского-Филатова-Коплика, в среднем на 4,4 ± 0,8 день болезни появляется пятнисто-папулезная сыпь на лице с этапным распространением и с последующей этапной пигментацией у всех больных. В 66,7% случаев развиваются осложнения, чаще пневмонии (36,7%) и обструктивный бронхит (20%), которые в 16,7% случаев обуславливают тяжесть течения и приводят к развитию неотложных синдромов и состояний (дыхательной недостаточности, обструктивного синдрома).Выводы. Отсутствие вакцинации против кори способствует росту заболеваемости с возможным развитием осложнений

Бронхолёгочные осложнения при кори у детей (семейный случай)

Two clinical observations of measles in sisters old 1 year 10 months and 3 years and 8 months have been described. Measles was severe with the development of an early complication in the form of severe bilateral community-acquired pneumonia with pulmonary edema and severe respiratory failure 2 degrees, which required treatment in the intensive care unit. At the sisters measles proceeded on the background of persistent herpetic (cytomegalovirus and HHV-6) infections, and at older sister measles was on the background of pyoderma. Measles was confirmed by detection of specific IgM by ELISA. The sisters were not vaccinated against measles and had home contact with a younger sister who had an infection with a clinical of measles.Описан семейный случай кори у сестер в возрасте 1 года 10 мес. и 3 лет 8 мес. Корь протекала в тяжелой форме с развитием раннего осложнения в виде тяжелой двусторонней внебольничной пневмонии с отеком легкого и выраженной дыхательной недостаточностью 2 степени, потребовавшей лечения в условиях отделения интенсивной терапии. У обеих сестер корь возникла на фоне персистирующей герпетической (цитомегаловирусной и ВГЧ-6) инфекции, а у старшей сестры  — также на фоне пиодермии. Диагноз кори был подтвержден обнаружением  специфических IgM методом ИФА. Оба ребенка не были вакцинированы от кори и имели домашний контакт с младшей сестрой, переносившей инфекцию с клинической картиной кори.

Speckle photometry at molars movement with superelastic NiTi finger spring

In developed an experimental model of dentition with an artificial periodontal by speckle photography carried out determination of movements molars of the upper jaw when exposed disclosing NiTi orthodontic finger spring between them and the fixation of the first molar to the mini implant. Determined molars movement in different types of fixing or anchorage

A comparison between hall's technique and the conventional method of managing proximal caries in primary teeth

The Hall Technique is a simple method of managing proximal caries in primary molars in which the carious lesion is sealed off by applying a stainless-steel crown to the primary molars without local anesthesia, removal of caries or tooth preparation. This study is aimed at evaluating the success of proximal dentinalcaries management in non-symptomatic lower primary molars using the Hall’s technique against the conventional method.Furthermore, to assess the vertical occlusal dimension immediately after crown fixation and the time required for an occlusal equilibrium to be achieved. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 120 primary lower molars (60 first molars and 60 second molars) with nonsymptomatic proximal caries in 120 children of both sexes 6-7 years old. These molars,after being randomly distributed, were treated either by applying a stainless steel crown with Hall’s technique or by conventional treatment with restoration with either amalgam or composite resin, and the cases were followed up within 6, 12, and 18 months to assess the success of the treatment clinically and radiographically. The vertical occlusal dimension was measured immediately after the application, and then evaluated after (2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months). Results: After 18 months of follow-up, the Hall technique’s success rate was 100% clinically and radiologically, while the failure rate in the conventional treatment group was (13%), and most of the failures were on the first primary molar and in amalgam restorations.Balanced occlusion was restored in most cases (87%) within a month after intervention. Conclusions: After 18 months of follow-up, we could say that Hall’s technique is an effective method in the management of proximal dentinalcaries and has superior success rates over the conventional approach. © 2021, SciDoc Publishers. All rights reserved

Evaluation of the effect of sodium hypochlorite gel on composite bonding strength to enamel of primary teeth after salivary contamination: in vitro study [Primenenie gelya gipokhlorita natriya dlya uluchsheniya stsepleniya kompozitnogo materiala s emal'yu vremennykh zubov pri slyunnoi kontaminatsii]

OBJECTIVE: The study investigated the effect of 2%s odium hypochlorite gel application after post-etching salivary contamination on composite bonding strength to primary teeth enamel. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 79 primary human teeth that were extracted no more than one month ago. The sample was randomly divided into four groups: (1) the control group (A) comprised 10 primary teeth, and composites were applied in the traditional manner without any salivary contamination; (2) the second group (B) consisted of 23 primary teeth in which salivary contamination was conducted after etching followed by re-etching and follow-up; (3) the third group (C) comprised 23 primary teeth in which saliva contamination was done after etching followed by washing, drying, and follow-up; and (4) the fourth group (D) comprised 23 primary teeth, in which salivary contamination was conducted after etching followed by application of sodium hypochlorite gel and follow-up. The samples were tested using the Testometric Tensile Strength Device (Testometric M350-10 kN, Testometric Ltd., UK) to measure the composite bonding strength to enamel of primary teeth. RESULTS: The arithmetic mean strength values in the research sample were ordered as followed: (A=13.39 MPa) > (D=11.82 MPa) > (C=8.07 MPa) > (B=6.15 MPa). The application of sodium hypochlorite gel after salivary contamination significantly improved the composite bonding strength to primary teeth enamel when compared with re-etching or only washing and drying. CONCLUSION: 15 s exposition of sodium hypochlorite gel with subsequent rinse and drying is recommended in case of saliva contamination of etched primary tooth enamel surface.ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ: Изучение воздействия геля, содержащего 2% гипохлорита натрия, на последующее сцепление композитного материала и эмали после попадания слюны на поверхность эмали, которая была обработана 37% ортофосфорной кислотой TetricN-Etch (Ivoclar Vivadent). МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ: Исследованы 79 временных зубов, которые были удалены не более 1 мес назад. Данные зубы были поделены случайным образом на 4 группы: группа A включала 10 временных зубов, эмаль которых была обработана классическим методом без нанесения слюны, группа B — 23 временных зуба, эмаль которых была протравлена с последующим нанесением слюны и повторным протравлением, группа C — 23 временных зуба, эмаль которых была протравлена, после чего на нее нанесли слюну, рабочее поле промыли водой и высушили, а затем выполнили композитную реставрацию, группа D — 23 временных зуба, эмаль которых была обработана слюной после протравливания, затем был использован гель гипохлорита натрия, и работа была продолжена. Исследование проводилось на аппарате для определения прочности при разрыве (Testometric M350-10 kN, «Testometric Ltd.», Великобритания). РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: Среднеарифметические значения сцепления композита и эмали зубов распределились следующим образом: (A=13,39 МПа) > (D=11,82 МПа) > (C=8,07 МПа) > (B=6,15 МПа). Исследования показали, что использование гипохлорита натрия в виде геля после попадания слюны на поверхность обработанной эмали укрепляет сцепление композита с эмалью временных зубов статистически значимо больше, чем повторное протравливание или промывание водой с высушиванием. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: Во время работы с композитными материалами при попадании слюны после стадии протравливания на рабочее поле эмали временного зуба авторы рекомендуют наносить гель гипохлорита натрия в течение 15 с с последующим промыванием и высушиванием