The Level 0 Pixel Trigger System for the ALICE experiment

The ALICE Silicon Pixel Detector contains 1200 readout chips. Fast-OR signals indicate the presence of at least one hit in the 8192 pixel matrix of each chip. The 1200 bits are transmitted every 100 ns on 120 data readout optical links using the G-Link protocol. The Pixel Trigger System extracts and processes them to deliver an input signal to the Level 0 trigger processor targeting a latency of 800 ns. The system is modular and based on FPGA devices. The architecture allows the user to define and implement various trigger algorithms. The system uses advanced 12-channel parallel optical fiber modules operating at 1310 nm as optical receivers. Multi-channel G-Link receivers were realized in programmable hardware and tested. The design of the system and the progress of the ALICE Pixel Trigger project are described in this paper

The pixel Fast-OR signal for the ALICE trigger in p-p collisions

The silicon pixel detector of the ALICE experiment at LHC comprises the two innermost layers of the inner tracking system of the apparatus. It contains 1200 readout chips, each of them corresponding to a 8192 pixel matrix. The single chip outputs a digital Fast-OR signal which is active whenever at least one of the pixels in the matrix records a hit. The 1200 Fast-OR output signals can be used to implement a unique triggering capability: few details on the pixel trigger system and some of the possible applications for p-p collisions are presented

Fractal-based autonomous partial discharge pattern recognition method for MV motors

On-line partial discharge (PD) monitoring is being increasingly adopted to improve the asset management and maintenance of medium-voltage (MV) motors. This study presents a novel method for autonomous analysis and classification of motor PD patterns in situations where a phase-reference voltage waveform is not available. The main contributions include a polar PD (PPD) pattern and a fractal theory-based autonomous PD recognition method. PPD pattern that is applied to convert the traditional phase-resolved PD pattern into a circular form addresses the lack of phase information in on-line PD monitoring system. The fractal theory is then presented in detail to address the task of discrimination of 6 kinds of single source and 15 kinds of multi-source PD patterns related to motors, as outlined in IEC 60034. The classification of known and unknown defects is calculated by a method known as centre score. Validation of the proposed method is demonstrated using data from laboratory experiments on three typical PD geometries. This study also discusses the application of the proposed techniques with 24 sets of on-site PD measurement data from 4 motors in 2 nuclear power stations. The results show that the proposed method performs effectively in recognising not only the single-source PD but also multi-source PDs

The ALICE Silicon Pixel Detector Control system and online calibration tools

The ALICE Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD) contains nearly 107 hybrid pixel cells. The operation of the SPD requires online control and monitoring of some 2000 parameters and » 50000DACs. Information for each channel is stored in a configuration database. Timing and data management (» 6GB of raw data each calibration) are critical issues. An overview of the SPD electronics read out chain and of the detector control system is given with a detailed description of the front-end controls and the calibration strategy. The status of commissioning and a preliminary evaluation of detector performance are presented

Себестоимость продукции и выявления резервов ее снижения

У даній статті розглядається поняття витрат підприємства, собівартості продукції підприємства та виявлення можливих резервів її зниження.The concept of charges of enterprise, unit of enterprise and exposure of possible backlogs of her decline cost is examined in this article.В данной статье рассматривается понятие расходов предприятия, себестоимости продукции предприятия и выявления возможных резервов ее снижения

DC Inclined-Plane Tracking and Erosion Test of Insulating Materials

The paper reviews previous work on the DC inclined plane test and suggests equivalent DC voltage levels in parallel to AC voltage in the ASTM inclined plane tracking and erosion test. The aim of this work is to provide a basis for standardizing the inclined plane test for DC voltage. Round robin tests done in five laboratories on five specimens of a silicone rubber material were done with the purpose of establishing appropriate ratios by which the equivalent DC voltages can be determined with respect to the corresponding AC voltages. These levels were determined as 67% and 87%, for +DC and-DC respectively, of the AC initial tracking voltage, and for practical purposes, these levels are rounded to 70 and 90%.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye