Understanding Spin: the field theory of magnetic interactions

Spin is commonly thought to reflect the true quantum nature of microphysics. We show that spin is related to intrinsic and field-like properties of single particles. These properties change continuously in external magnetic fields. Interactions of massive particles with homogeneous and inhomogeneous fields result in two discrete particle states, symmetric to the original one. We analyze the difficulties in quantum mechanics to give a precise spacetime account of the experiments and find that they arise from unsuitable analogies for spin. In particular from the analogy of an angular momentum. Several experiments are suggested to check the model against the standard model in quantum mechanics.Comment: 10 pages (RevTeX, twocolumn) and 3 figures (eps). Related papers can be found at http://www.cmmp.ucl.ac.uk/~wah/md.htm

Evidence for a dynamic origin of charge

The fundamental equations of particle motion lead to a modified Poisson equation including dynamic charge. This charge derives from density oscillations of a particle; it is not discrete, but continuous. Within the dynamic model of hydrogen it accounts for all features of electron proton interactions, its origin are density oscillations of the proton. We propose a new system of electromagnetic units, based on meter, kilogram, and second, bearing on these findings. The system has none of the disadvantages of traditional three-unit systems. On the basis of our theoretical model we can genuinely derive the scaling factor between electromagnetic and mechanic variables, which is equal, within a few percent, to Planck's constant h. The implications of the results in view of unifying gravity and quantum theory are discussed. It seems that the hypothetical solar gravity waves, in the low frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum, are open to experimental detection.Comment: 8 pages (RevTeX, twocolumn). Included the scale between atomic variables and macroscopic measures in section VI. Corrected a numerical ambiguity in section VII. The energy flow of solar gravity waves is now given unambiguously in SI units. Minor improvements in the wordin

Solving the dark matter problem through dynamic interactions

Owing to the renewed interest in dark matter after the upgrade of the large hadron collider and its dedication to dark matter research it is timely to reassess the whole problem. Considering dark matter is one way to reconcile the discrepancy between the velocity of matter in the outer regions of galaxies and the observed galactic mass. So far, no credible candidate for dark matter has been identified. Here, we develop a model accounting for observations by rotations and interactions between rotating objects analogous to magnetic fields and interactions with moving charges. The magnitude of these fields is described by a fundamental constant of the order 10-41kg-1. The same interactions can be observed in the solar system where they lead to small changes in planetary orbits.Comment: 4 pages and 3 figure

Simulation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments in a local hidden variables model with limited efficiency and coherence

We simulate correlation measurements of entangled photons numerically. The model employed is strictly local. The correlation is determined by its classical expression with one decisive difference: we sum up coincidences for each pair individually. We analyze the effects of decoherence, detector efficiency and polarizer thresholds in detail. The Bell inequalities are violated in these simulations. The violation depends crucially on the threshold of the polarizer switches and can reach a value of 2.0 in the limiting case. Existing experiments can be fully accounted for by limited coherence and non-ideal detector switches. It seems thus safe to conclude that the Bell inequalities are no suitable criterium to decide on the nonlocality issue.Comment: 5 pages (RevTeX) and 5 figures (eps). Changed the title (included 'local hidden variables') and specified the exact meaning of the polarizer threshold ('Setup') as well as the importance of digitalization via polarizer beam splitters in the actual experiments ('Ideal measurements'). For related papers see http://www.cmmp.ucl.ac.uk/~wah

On interference: the scalar problem

Single-slit and two-slit interferometer measurements of electrons are analyzed within the realistic model of particle propagation. In a step by step procedure we show that all current models of interference are essentially non-local and demonstrate that the treatment of the quantum theory of motion is the simplest model for the scalar problem. In particular we give a novel interpretation of the quantum potential Q, which should be regarded as a non-classical and essentially statistical term describing the changes of the quantum ensemble due to a change of the physical environment.Comment: Six pages (RevTeX) and four figures (eps). For a full list of available papers see http://info.tuwien.ac.at/cms/wh

Multiple Scattering in a Vacuum Barrier from Real-Space Wavefunctions

We have developed a method to simulate multiple electron scattering in a vacuum barrier using real-space single-electron wavefunctions of the separate surfaces. The tunnelling current is calculated to first order in the Dyson series. In zero order, we find a result which differs from the usual Bardeen approach by the decay constants of the wavefunctions, entering the description as individual weights of tunnelling transitions. To first order we find multiple electron scattering, which can be formulated in terms of Bardeen matrices. Here, we also derive a first-principles formulation for the interaction energy between the two surfaces. With this method the tunnelling current can in principle be computed to any order in the Dyson expansion

Measurement processes in quantum physics: a new theory of measurements in terms of statistical ensembles

Considering the recently established arbitrariness the Schroedinger equation has to be interpreted as an equation of motion for a statistical ensemble of particles. The statistical qualities of individual particles derive from the unknown intrinsic energy components, they depend on the physical environment by way of external potentials. Due to these statistical qualities and wave function normalization, non-locality is inherent to the fundamental relations of Planck, de Broglie and Schroedinger. A local formulation of these statements is introduced and briefly assessed, the modified and local Schroedinger equation is non-linear. Quantum measurements are analyzed in detail, the exact interplay between causal and statistical reasons in a measurement process can be accounted for. Examples of individual measurement effects in quantum theory are given, the treatment of diffraction experiments, neutron interferences, quantum erasers, the quantum Zeno effect, and interaction-free measurements can be described consistent with the suggested framework. The paper additionally provides a strictly local and deterministic calculation of interactions in a magnetic field. The results suggest that quantum theory is a statistical formalism which derives its validity in measurements from considering every possible measurement of a given system. It can equally be established, that the framework of quantum physics is theoretically incomplete, because a justification of ensemble qualities is not provided.Comment: 24 pages (ReVTeX, twocolumn) and 9 figures (eps), corrected an omission in eq.(5.4) and some typographical errors in section V-D (Quantum erasers

Non--locality of particle spin: a consequence of interaction energy?

Neutron interference measurements with macroscopic beam separation allow to study the influence of magnetic fields on spin properties. By calculating the interaction energy with a dynamic and deterministic model, we are able to establish that the phase shift on one component of the neutron beam is linear with magnetic intensity, and equally, that interaction energy as well as phase shifts do not depend on the orientation of the magnetic field. The theoretical treatment allows the conclusion that the non-local properties of particle spin derive from the classical equation for interaction energy and the fact, that interaction energy does not depend on magnetic field orientation. Additionally, it can be established that the 4 pi symmetry of spinors in this case depends on the scaling of magnetic fields.Comment: 4 pages (ReVTeX, twocolumn) and 3 figures (eps

Quantum mechanics: A new chapter?

We review the conceptual problems in quantum mechanics on a fundamental level. It is shown that the proposed model of extended electrons and a clear understanding of rotations in three dimensional space solve a large part of these problems, in particular the problems related to the ontological status and physical meaning of wavefunctions. It also solves the problem of non-locality. The experimental results obtained in Yves Couder's group and theoretical results by Gerdard Gr\"ossing indicate that the wave-like distribution of trajectories of electrons in interference experiments are most likely due to the quantized interactions leading to a discrete set of transferred momenta. A separate experimental confirmation of this interpretation for double-slit interferometry of photons has been given by the group of Steinberg.Comment: 8 pages, article to appear in the Proceedings of the 6th Conference: Quantum Theory: Reconsideration of Foundations, June 11-14 2012 in Vaexjoe, Swede

Solving the Einstein-Podolksy-Rosen puzzle: a possible origin of non-locality

So far no mechanism is known, which could connect the two measurements in a Bell-type experiment with a speed beyond the speed of light, commonly considered the ultimate limit of propagation of any field-like interaction. Here, we suggest such a mechanism, based on the phase of a photon field during its propagation. We show that two measurements, corresponding to two independent rotations of the fields, are connected, even if no signal passes from one point of measurement to the other. The non-local connection of a photon pair is the result of its origin at a common source, where the two fields acquire a well defined phase difference. Therefore, it is not actually a non-local effect in any conventional sense.Comment: Corrected some (very minor) typos. 3 pages, 1 figur