Value of silage with different share of Poly-Past beets and wheat straw

Испытывали возможность изготовления силоса из свеклы Поли-Паст с прибавкой разных количеств (10-30%) пшеничной соломы. Подбор компонентoв проводился на основании компенсационного характера кормов по отношению к содержанию сухого вещества и сахаров для обеспечения правильного хода процесса брожения. Критериями сравнения являлись результаты химических анализов, с учетом легко гидролизуемых и структурных веществ, участие органических кислот, содержание аммиака в силосе и его pH, а также органолептическая оценка силоса. Полученные результаты показали, что прибавка 10% пшеничной соломы к свекле приводит к значительному сокращению вытекания сока из силоса, не устраняя, однако, в достаточной степени потерь в ходе брожения. Дальнейшее повышение прибавки соломы вызывает затруднения в процессе силосования и повышение содержания сырого волокна в силосе, что приводит к снижению питательных достоинств корма. Установлена необходимость исправления принятых баллов в шкале для оценки силоса, а также внедрения более точных методов определения содержания в силосе органических кислот.The aim of the respective investigations was to determine the possibility of preparation of silages from Poly-Past beets with different addition (10-30%) of wheat straw. Components were selected on the basis of compensative character of feeds with regard to dry matter and carbohydrates necessary for proper fermentation process. The comparison of organoleptic and chemical tests, including readily hydrolyzable and structural substances, pH value, content of organic acids and ammonia in silage, was carried out. It has been proved that an addition of 10% of wheat straw to beets reduces considerably the juice outflow from the silage, still not eliminating suffiently losses in the fermentation course. High straw rates make difficult ensiling process and lead to increase of crude fibre in the silage and consequently to lowering of the nutritive value of the fodder. The estimation scale for the silage evaluation requires improvement of the assumed scores and introduction of more precise methods of determination of the content of organic acids

Przeciwdrobnoustrojowe właściwości skarpet zabezpieczonych nanosrebrem

Antimicrobial properties of socks containing silver nanoparticles were investigated. Two types of socks were used for testing. The first were linen (100%) socks impregnated with a specimen containing silver nanoparticles. The second type were commercially available cotton (55%) socks containing nanosilver. An antimicrobial effect was assayed against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as yeasts. It was found that the specimen used for impregnating linen socks has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against some Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts - Candida albicans. Antimicrobial effectiveness depended on the type of microorganism, cell number and concentration of silver nanoparticles. Commercially available cotton socks presented antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus epidermidis.Badano przeciwdrobnoustrojowe właściwości dwóch rodzajów skarpet zawierających cząsteczki nanosrebra. Pierwszy typ stanowiły lniane (100%) skarpetki impregnowane preparatem zawierającym cząsteczki nanosrebra. Drugi typ stanowiły handlowe skarpety bawełniane (55%) zawierające nanosrebro. Oddziaływanie antagonistyczne było określane w odniesieniu do wybranych bakterii gramdodatnich jak i gramujemnych oraz drożdży. Stwierdzono, że preparat użyty do impregnacji lnianych skarpetek ma szeroki zakres aktywności antagonistycznej przeciwko niektórym gramdodatnim i gramujemnym bakteriom oraz drożdżom Candida albicans. Efektywność przeciwdrobnoustrojowa zależała od rodzaju mikroorganizmu, ilości komórek oraz stężenia nanocząsteczek. Handlowe skarpetki bawełniane wykazały antybakteryjne działanie przeciwko Staphylococcus epidermidis

Low level of extra-pair paternity in an urban population of blackbirds

AbstractWe studied extra-pair paternity in a socially monogamous bird, the European Blackbird (Turdus merula). The research was conducted in an urban park in Poland. We obtained genetic samples from 36 broods (123 nestlings) of 21 unique pairs. The proportion of broods with some extra-pair nestlings was 17.1% (6 broods), and overall, 13.1% (16 nestlings) of all nestlings were sired by extra-pair males. In one brood (2.8% of all the investigated broods), we found one egg laid by a female which did not have her own territory in the study area (brood parasitism). These figures are relatively low compared to other closely related passerines. We suggest that mate guarding in the studied population may effectively prevent females from engaging in extra-pair activity, and in the case of females, divorce and serial polygamy are better strategies for enhancing the genetic quality and genetic diversity of their offspring than infidelity

Bioaerosols on the atmospheric super highway: An example of long distance transport of Alternaria spores from the Pannonian Plain to Poland

Alternaria spores are pathogenic to agricultural crops, and the longest and the most severe sporulation seasons are predominantly recorded in rural areas, e.g. the Pannonian Plain (PP) in South-Central Europe. In Poland (Central Europe), airborne Alternaria spore concentrations peak between July and August. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the PP is the source of Alternaria spores recorded in Poland after the main sporulation season (September–October). Airborne Alternaria spores (2005–2019) were collected using volumetric Hirst spore traps located in 38 locations along the potential pathways of air masses, i.e. from Serbia, Romania and Hungary, through the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine, to Northern Poland. Three potential episodes of Long Distance Transport (LDT) were selected and characterized in detail, including the analysis of Alternaria spore data, back trajectory analysis, dispersal modelling, and description of local weather and mesoscale synoptic conditions. During selected episodes, increases in Alternaria spore concentrations in Poznań were recorded at unusual times that deviated from the typical diurnal pattern, i.e. at night or during morning hours. Alternaria spore concentrations on the PP were very high (>1000 spores/m3) at that time. The presence of non-local Ambrosia pollen, common to the PP, were also observed in the air. Air mass trajectory analysis and dispersal modelling showed that the northwest part of the PP, north of the Transdanubian Mountains, was the potential source area of Alternaria spores. Our results show that Alternaria spores are transported over long distances from the PP to Poland. These spores may markedly increase local exposure to Alternaria spores in the receptor area and pose a risk to both human and plant health. Alternaria spores followed the same atmospheric route as previously described LDT ragweed pollen, revealing the existence of an atmospheric super highway that transports bioaerosols from the south to the north of Europe