12 research outputs found

    Building Information Modeling BIM - Level of Digital Construction

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    In the paper the topic of Building Information Technology BIM is investigated. It is new in Polish circumstances technology for construction and for building product industry, which contribute to change and develop level of industrialization. Especially challenge raising from the information and introducing IT technology into daily practice is considered to provide changes in construction branch of economy. In Poland there is the hot need of start to introduce BIM as the common technology for owners of assets, facility management, construction entities, design offices, administration officers and many other players relative to construction data and processes. BIM technology introduction, basing on foreign case studies, results in cost savings, control and time reduction of investment processes and some more advantages. The perspective of digital buildings, digital infrastructure, digital roads, digital railways and digital cities is outlined at the perspective of technology challenge, but simply transfiguration of many fields of personal everyday life, where digitalization is already present and with the question when it will be common in professional activity, particularly in civil engineering

    Fire Resistance of Steel and Reinforced Concrete Columns Exposed to Fire on Less Than Four Sides

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    Wprowadzenie: W artykule przedstawiono problemy zwi膮zane z odporno艣ci膮 ogniow膮 s艂up贸w stalowych i 偶elbetowych nagrzewanych z mniej ni偶 czterech stron, z uwzgl臋dnieniem element贸w wbudowanych w 艣ciany oddzielenia przeciwpo偶arowego. Jednostronne nagrzewanie s艂upa sprawia, 偶e na jego przeciwleg艂ych stronach wyst臋puj膮 r贸偶ne temperatury. Prowadzi to do powstawania przemieszcze艅 poziomych, kt贸re wywo艂uj膮 dodatkowe si艂y wewn臋trzne w samym s艂upie, jego zamocowaniu oraz w przylegaj膮cej konstrukcji. Metody: W odniesieniu do s艂up贸w stalowych wskazano, 偶e w normie PN-EN 1993-1-2 brakuje metod uproszczonych pozwalaj膮cych na obliczenie no艣no艣ci s艂up贸w stalowych poddanych oddzia艂ywaniu wysokiej temperatury tylko z jednej strony. Opisano najwa偶niejsze wnioski z prac badawczych przeprowadzanych w tym obszarze w ostatnich latach i wskazano mo偶liw膮 do zastosowania metod臋 obliczania no艣no艣ci tego typu element贸w, uwzgl臋dniaj膮c膮 nier贸wnomierny przebieg temperatury w elemencie. Tego typu nagrzewanie i zwi膮zana z nim nier贸wnomierna temperatura w obr臋bie przekroju sprawiaj膮, 偶e stal, w zale偶no艣ci od jej po艂o偶enia w przekroju, wykazuje r贸偶ne warto艣ci parametr贸w takich jak granica plastyczno艣ci i modu艂 spr臋偶ysto艣ci. Uwzgl臋dnienie w obliczeniach rzeczywistej temperatury stalowego s艂upa pozwala na oszacowanie jego przemieszcze艅, wywo艂anych wp艂ywem nier贸wnomiernej temperatury, od kt贸rych zale偶膮 wielko艣ci si艂 wewn臋trznych i jego no艣no艣膰. W odniesieniu do s艂up贸w 偶elbetowych opisano podstawowy podzia艂 metod obliczania no艣no艣ci zawartych w PN-EN 1992-1-2, ze szczeg贸lnym zwr贸ceniem uwagi na ich ograniczony zakres stosowania z uwagi na: typ konstrukcji, d艂ugo艣膰 elementu, smuk艂o艣膰 oraz wielko艣膰 mimo艣rodu obci膮偶enia. Dokonano przegl膮du metod pod k膮tem stosowania ich przy nara偶eniu na dzia艂anie ognia z mniej ni偶 czterech stron. Przybli偶ono metod臋 zawart膮 w niemieckim za艂膮czniku krajowym do DIN-EN 1992-1-2, kt贸ra pozwala na obliczenie no艣no艣ci s艂up贸w wspornikowych poddanych dzia艂aniu ognia z jednej, trzech lub czterech stron. Przywo艂ano pozycje literaturowe podaj膮ce uproszczone metody oblicze艅 wraz z wnioskami. Dyskusja i Podsumowanie: Spo艣r贸d potencjalnych rozwi膮za艅 omawianego problemu mo偶na wyr贸偶ni膰: umieszczenie s艂up贸w poza 艣cian膮 oddzielenia po偶arowego, zaprojektowanie po艂膮czenia pozwalaj膮cego na zawalenie si臋 konstrukcji dachu do wn臋trza hali, bez wywo艂ywania nadmiernych si艂 poziomych oddzia艂uj膮cych na g艂owic臋 s艂upa lub wykorzystanie usztywnienia przylegaj膮cej konstrukcji do przeniesienia si艂 poziomych. Z uwagi na poziom skomplikowania bardziej zaawansowanych metod obliczania no艣no艣ci, wskazane jest opracowanie metod uwzgl臋dniaj膮cych nier贸wnomierne nagrzewanie w spos贸b uproszczony, na bazie faktycznych przypadk贸w po偶ar贸w budynk贸w.Introduction: The paper describes problems associated with fire resistance of steel and reinforced concrete columns exposed to fire on less than four sides (such as embedded in firewalls). One-sided exposure is associated with varying temperatures on both sides of the column, which leads to the formation of lateral displacement, causing additional forces in the column, its fixing and in the adjacent structure. Methods: Steel columns: It is emphasised that in PN-EN 1993-1-2 there are no simplified methods which allow to calculate the load-bearing capacity of columns exposed to fire on one side. The article describes the most important conclusions of research work carried out in recent years with an indication of a potential method for calculating load-bearing capacity of such elements, which allows to take into consideration the uneven temperature in a given element. This type of heating and uneven temperature within the cross-section resulting from it, is associated with the variation of material parameters such as yield strength and elasticity modulus depending on location in the cross-section. Reinforced concrete columns: Basic division of methods provided by PN-EN 1992-1-2 is described with special emphasis on scope of its application limited by: the type of construction, the length of the element, its slenderness and the load eccentricity. A review of methods was performed in terms of their application when exposed to fire on less than four sides. A method in the German National Annex to DIN EN 1992-1-2 is described in detail; it allows to calculate the capacity of the load-bearing capacity of cantilever columns exposed to fire from one, three or four sides. Simplified additional methods from literature are briefly described along with their conclusions. Discussion and Conclusions: The following can be distinguished among potential solutions to the problem: placing the columns outside the firewall, designing a special connection which allows the roof structure to collapse into the warehouse without causing excessive horizontal forces acting on the column or using bracing of the adjacent structure to transfer horizontal forces. However, due to the complexity of more sophisticated methods, it would be advisable to develop methods taking into account uneven exposure in a simplified manner, based on actual cases of fires in buildings

    Nowacki's double shear test in the framework of the anisotropic thermo-elasto-viscoplastic material model

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    In the paper, the numerical simulation of Nowacki's double shear test in the framework of recently proposed viscoplasticity theory for anisotropic solids is presented. The numerical analysis comprises the full spatial modelling and is carried out for the DH-36 steel sheet in adiabatic conditions (the analysis of anisotropic bodies can be led only on 3D models). During analyses, strain rates of order 104-107 s-1 are observed and the process time duration up to full damage (loss of continuity in the localisation zone) is around 150-300 啪s. The novelty of the research is focused on the formulation that includes the anisotropy of the intrinsic microdamage process. Thus, it makes possible to obtain qualitatively and quantitatively new results compared with the existing models, like tracing the softening directions and better (closer to experiment) prediction of damage paths.W pracy przedstawiono numeryczne symulacje testu podwojnego 艣cinania, zaproponowanego przez prof. Nowackiego, w ramach sformu艂owania teorii lepkoplastyczno艣ci dla anizotropowych cia艂 sta艂ych. Analizy numeryczne obejmuj膮 modele tr贸jwymiarowe i s膮 wykonane dla stali DH-36 w warunkach adiabatycznych (analiza cia艂 anizotropowych mo偶e by膰 przeprowadzona wy艂膮cznie na modelach trojwymiarowych). W trakcie analiz obserwuje si臋 pr臋dko艣ci deformacji rz臋du 104-107 s-1, a czas trwania procesu do ca艂kowitego zerwania pr贸bki (utraty ci膮g艂o艣ci w strefie lokalizacji) jest z przedzia艂u 150-300 啪s. Oryginalno艣膰 bada艅 wynika z faktu uwzgl臋dnienia w definicji konstytutywnego modelu anizotropowego wewn臋trznego procesu mikrouszkodze艅. W rezultacie, uzyskane wyniki daj膮 jako艣ciowo i ilo艣ciowo nowy obraz procesu, w szczegolno艣ci umo偶liwiaj膮 艣ledzenie kierunkow os艂abienia oraz dok艂adniejsze (bli偶sze rezultatom eksperymentalnym) odwzorowanie 艣cie偶ki zniszczenia

    Increasing fire resistance of steel pipe columns through concrete filling

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    W pracy zawarto wyniki analiz dotycz膮cych no艣no艣ci element贸w konstrukcji w warunkach po偶arowych. Pokazano, 偶e s艂upy zespolone z rur wype艂nionych betonem mog膮 by膰 alternatyw膮 dla element贸w stalowych, bior膮c pod uwag臋 ich no艣no艣膰 w warunkach po偶arowych. Wyniki pracy i przedstawiona metodologia mog膮 mie膰 zastosowanie praktyczne, z uwagi na wykazan膮 mo偶liwo艣膰 zwi臋kszenia odporno艣ci ogniowej s艂up贸w bez stosowania standardowych zabezpiecze艅 ogniochronnych w postaci mas natryskowych lub farb p臋czniej膮cych. Rozpatruj膮c klas臋 R30, wype艂nienie betonem mo偶e pozwoli膰 na sze艣ciokrotne zwi臋kszenie si艂y osiowej w por贸wnaniu z niezabezpieczon膮 rur膮 stalow膮 o takiej samej geometrii zewn臋trznej. Samo uwzgl臋dnienie betonu jako elementu przejmuj膮cego ciep艂o, co za tym idzie, obni偶aj膮cego temperatur臋 rury stalowej, pozwoli艂oby w niekt贸rych przypadkach na osi膮gni臋cie wy偶szej klasy odporno艣ci ogniowej bez stosowania oblicze艅 wykraczaj膮cych poza Eurokod 3.The paper contains the results of analyses regarding the load-bearing capacity of construction elements in fire conditions. It shows that columns made out of pipes filled with concrete may constitute an alternative for steel elements, taking into account their load-bearing capacity in fire conditions. The results of the work and the presented methodology may be applied in practice, due to the revealed possibility to increase fire resistance of columns without the use of standard fire protection measures in the form of spray masses or intumescent paints. Considering the R30 class, the concret filling may increase six times the axial force in comparison to unprotected steel pipe with the same external geometry. Just considering the concrete as an element intercepting the heat, thus decreasing the temperature of the steel pipe, would in some cases make it possible to achieve higher class of fire resistance without the use of calculations extending beyond the Eurokod 3

    Wave propagation and strain localization in dynamically loaded specimen

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    The aim of the presentation is focused on two aspects which are the influance of the waves propagation in specimens on the choise of places of strain localization and the discussion of numerical models that serve the recognition of this phenomenon. There are some experimental tests which are under consideration (thin plate, axisymmetric bar, 3-D specimen) which are numericaly studied. The experiments are made in the Hopkinson tube with the typical velocity of deformations of order 104 s-1 so the processes could be treated as adiabatic. For ductile materials under such conditions to avoid the mathematical consequences due to thermal softening (ill-posedness) the viscoplastic constitutive description is used. In numerical simulations we have shown the well-posedness of the solution of governing equations by showing the insensitivity of the results to spatial discretization. The set of numerical examples proofs that it is possible to estimate the places of strain localization by observing the velocities of particles. Intensive plastic zones appear in the places where the local velocities are close to zero. In the formulation we have accepted the constitutive viscoplastic model, finite deformations and the evolution of porosity. The computations were performed in the environment of ABAQUS finite element program

    A Nonlocal Model of Plasticity and Damage with Different Internal Lengths

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    A nonlocal thermodynamically consistent model of plasticity and damage is presented using an integral approach. The theory is developed in the framework of the generalized standard material and the constitutive model is identified by the specification of a nonlocal first law of thermodynamics and of a local second one. The constitutive model is then addressed by defining a suitable expression of the free energy which yields a nonlocal plastic model in the stress space and a nonlocal damage model in the strain space. A variational formulation depending on local and nonlocal state variables is thus provided
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