Interface temperature between freeze-lining and bath in high temperature reaction systems

Slag freeze-linings are increasingly used in industrial pyrometallurgical processes to ensure furnace integrity in highly aggressive environments. To date, the designs of freeze-lining for pyrometallur-gical furnaces have been based solely on heat transfer considerations and on the assumption that the interface between the stationary steady-state deposit and the bath is at the liquidus temperature of the bulk bath. In the present study, a cold-finger technique was undertaken to form the deposit under controlled conditions along with microstructural and phase analysis. It was experimentally found that the bath-deposit interface temperature at steady-state conditions can be lower than the liquidus temperature of the bulk liquid based on the observed phases in the bath-stagnant deposit interface. The findings indicate that thermal factors (superheat, bath convection, cooling intensity of the wall etc.) along with chemical properties of the system should be taken into account in freeze-lining designs in pyrometallurgical reactors. The optimization of the freeze-lining thickness can result in significant energy savings, and reduce CO emissions

Experimental Study on the Phase Equilibrium of Copper Matte and Silica-Saturated FeO x-SiO2-Based Slags in Pyrometallurgical WEEE Processing

The effects of the amphoteric and basic oxides alumina and lime on the phase equilibria of copper matte and silica-saturated slags were investigated at 1300 °C and PSO2 = 0.1 atm in a controlled CO-CO2-SO2-Ar gas atmosphere using a high-temperature isothermal equilibration technique followed by rapid quenching. The equilibrium phase compositions were obtained by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis. The relationship between the copper concentration in matte and the oxygen partial pressure, iron, and sulfur in matte was quantified. The pure iron-silicate slag exhibited the highest copper loss in slag, although the addition of alumina and lime decreased its value by approximately a quarter and a half, respectively, at a matte grade of 65 wt pct Cu. In contrast, copper and sulfur were highly distributed in the matte phase, and their deportment to the matte was favored by addition of alumina and lime.Peer reviewe

Evaluation of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil on the oxidation indice and bioaccumulation of lead following oral administration of lead in the Japanese Quail

Introduction: Some heavy metals are toxic at low concentrations and can create free radicals that damage the cell. Essential oils have antioxidant properties and can chelate some toxic  elements And prevent of bioaccumulation of these elements .  Methods: TBARS assay and ICP-OES have used for evaluating of oxidative stress and measurement of bioaccumulation of lead in liver and muscle of quail, respectively. All measurements were carried out in triplicate and data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows. Results: The results of this research in 21 and 35 days showed that mean concentration of MDA in liver and muscle of lead group was higher than others and this difference was significant. The measurement of lead in liver and muscle in 21 day were not detected by ICP-OES. In 35 days the bioaccumulation of lead in liver and muscle (µg/g) was higher than other groups and this difference was significant.    Conclusion: The results showed that the clove essential oil is effective in reducing of malondialdehyde concentrations (mg / kg) and reduces the bioaccumulation of lead in liver and muscles of quail