Who settles for less? Subjective dispositions, objective circumstances, and housing satisfaction

In recent years there has been growing interest in individuals’ self-perceptions of their wellbeing on the grounds that these complement well-established objective indicators of welfare. However, individuals’ assessments depend on both objective circumstances and subjective, idiosyncratic dispositions, such as aspirations and expectations. We add to the literature by formulating a modelling strategy that uncovers how these subjective dispositions differ across socio-demographic groups. This is then tested using housing satisfaction data from a large-scale household panel survey from Australia. We find that there are significant differences in the way in which individuals with different characteristics rate the same objective reality. For instance, male, older, migrant, and Indigenous individuals rate equal housing conditions more favourably than female, younger, Australian-born, and non-Indigenous individuals. These findings have important implications for how self-reported housing satisfaction, and wellbeing data in general, are to be used to inform evidence-based policy

Stigma and labour market outcomes: sex work and domestic work in India

In this paper, we examine whether the earnings of sex workers in India are significantly different from those in domestic work, a trade that is also gendered in nature and can be done with similarly low levels of training and education. We analyse this using data collected during fieldwork in the cities of Kolkata and Delhi in India. Our results confirm that there is a significant difference in wages between the two groups of workers. We consider the extent to which the stigma attached to sexwork contributes to the higher wages in this occupation relative to domestic work. To do this, we control for endogeneity caused by selection on unobservables. We find that stigma is a significant contributory factor to the wage differential. We also preliminarily consider an alternate explanation – that of violence in the trade. We find that the experience of violence in the trade does not affect the take home earnings of the individuals

Temperature, composition, and f O2 effects on intersite distribution of Mg and Fe2+ in olivines

Single-crystal X-ray structure refinement of natural olivines equilibrated at high temperature under controlled oxygen fugacity (f O2) conditions, coupled with a structure-energy model were used to establish the influence of T, f O2 and bulk chemistry on intracrystalline disorder. The results are: 1) The k D (k D = [(Fe M1\ub7Mg M2)/(Fe M2\ub7Mg M1)]) factor describing site population on M1, M2 polyhedra increases from values lower than 1 at T below 400\u2013600\ub0 C (depending on composition) to values higher than 1 at higher temperature. 2) The increase of k D with T is quite regular. 3) At constant temperature and pressure, k D increases with increasing fayalite content in the mixture; 4) Contrary to previous observations (Will and Nover 1979; Nover and Will 1981) varying f O2, within the stability range of the substance, has a negligible influence on intracrystalline disorder. 5) As ancillary results, the model confirms the defect scheme of Nakamura and Schmalzried (1983) for the investigated solids. Moreover, it shows that cationic vacancies are always created on M 1 site at the expense of Mg ions, while trivalent iron is always stabilized on M2 site. This explains the marked anisotropies observed in Fe-Mg interdiffusion (Buening and Busek 1973; Misener 1974; Schock et al. 1989)

Energy and long-range disorder in simple spinels

modello cristallochimico per ossidi multipli a struttura cubica

Cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivines

studio cristallochimico delle miscele ortosilicatiche di nickel e magnesi

Precision estimates of interatomic distances using site occupancies, ionization potentials and polarizabilities in Pbnm silicate olivines.

modello cristallochimico per miscele silicatiche multicomponenti Pbn

Crystal structure and cation distribution in some natural magnetites

The crystal structures of two natural magnetites were refined. Both turned out to have equipoints 8a and 16d (Fd3m) fully occupied and hence different from type I and type II defect structures investigated by Fleet (1981, 1982). It was possible to improve the cation radii for Fe2+ ad Fe3+ in octahedral and tetrahedral coordinations for pure and almost pure magnetites obtaining very good agreement between observed and calculated values of the two independent geometric structure parameters, i.e. cell edge and oxygen coordinate. The present results lead to an estimate of inversion parameter i in (Fe 1\u2013i 2+ Fe i 3+ )(Fe i 2+ Fe 2t-i 3+ )O4, of about 0.90, equal for all the four pure magnetites, independently of type of structure and also of cooling history

Structure modelling and cation partitioning of spinel solid solutions at high T,P conditions

This paper presents evaluation of cation distributions from diffraction data collected at high T, P, and is an extension of the spinel structure modelling procedure by Lavina et al. (2002). Optimised cation-to-oxygen distances are modified for thermal expansion and compressibility at T and P of interest following Hazen and Prewitt (1977) and Hazen and Yang (1999). The procedure is applied to literature data concerning hercynite, spinel s.s., Zn aluminate, Zn ferrite, magnetite and the (Fe 3O 4) 1- x(MgAl 2O 4) x join. Calculated cation distribution is strongly affected by standard deviations in cell parameters and oxygen coordinates. The underestimated values often reported in the literature for powder profile refinements may strongly affect the cation distribution; however, if standard deviations are increased to physically realistic values, consistent results are obtained. For P up to 10 GPa, reasonable evaluations of cation distribution are obtained for spinel s.s., Zn aluminate and magnetite, whereas for Zn ferrite they are limited to 1.8 GPa. For P beyond 10 GPa, compressibility cannot be assumed to be linear; the relationship between cell parameter and pressure is well-defined, but the inaccuracy of oxygen coordinate prevents simple modelling of bond distances with pressure