Mense e personale addetto alle cucine: valutazione dei rischi occupazionali

The aim of the study is to evaluate the occupational risks among food service workers and cooks. During the occupational risks assessment the following risk factors must be evaluated: musculoskeletal disorders, chemical risk (cleaning kitchen work surface, dishes, utensils ecc.) biological risk (contact with foods or biological agents) cancerogenic risk (by baking smoke inhalation), and psycho-social stress. In this study the preventive measures and protective equipment to prevent health hazards for these workers have been evaluated (i.e. aspiration hood, adapted ventilation, chosen of less harmful methods of baking, ecc.). In particular the performance of rigid behavioural norms and hygienic procedures is very important for cooks and food service workers to reduce the risk of occupational infections

Operation and Performance of a Small Scooter with a Parallel-hybrid Drive-train

The paper presents an innovative drive-train for a small scooter, taking advantage of an hybrid (mechanical-electrical) structure. The single parts of this drive train have been dimen-sioned and the resulting system has been introduced in a simulation program. According to the simulation results the hybridisation is able to enhance the maximum power of the scooter by 1 kW (over 30%), without changing the fuel consumption, and to allow a pure-electric operation with a range over 11 km. Moreover, when the propulsion power comes only from the onboard batteries, and they are recharged from the electric mains, the operation cost per km is less than one half the cost of corresponding fuel consumption of a vehicle without hybridisation

A Parallel-Hybrid Drive-Train for Propulsion of a Small Scooter

Abstract—The paper presents the results of a two year study regarding the use of an innovative drive-train, having a parallel-hybrid structure, in a small scooter, in which a conventional internal combustion engine is coupled with an electric motor for the vehicle propulsion. The developed architecture enhances the maximum vehicle power, by exploiting the braking energy (by recovering it into the provided electrochemical accumulator), and operating the vehicle in zero emission mode for limited ranges. Moreover, it allows for recharging the inner battery from the electric mains, which is extremely appealing in terms of operating costs. According to the simulation results, the hybridization is able to enhance the maximum power of the scooter by 1.1 kW (around 50%), without changing the fuel consumption, and to allow a pureelectric operation with a range of 15–20 km; when the propulsion power comes only from the onboard batteries, and they are recharged from the electric mains, the operation cost per km is around a quarter the cost of corresponding fuel consumption of a vehicle without hybridizatio

Optimization of an internal combustion engine for an hybrid scooter

A very stringent problem in most of European cities is the individual mobility. This problem is mainly caused by traffic jam and arising from this are two particularly interesting environmental issues: pollution and noise [1]. Use of two wheeler vehicles does not represent the final solution to these problems, nevertheless they can supply a useful aid to ease them. Recently, two stroke engines are being replaced with four stroke engines. For small capacity engines this means a true reduction in exhaust emissions, especially unburned hydrocarbons (HC), but, on the other hand it involves a performance reduction, particularly for sudden accelerations, which constitute an essential requirement for these vehicles [2, 3, 4, 5]. Hybridisation can help to fill the gap between two stroke engines and cleaner, but less performing four stroke engines [6]. At the same time, it can help to lower fuel consumption, by means of a reduction in the revolution speed [2, 5]. This paper presents a study on a parallel hybrid scooter prototype from the point of view of a better matching between the characteristics of the internal four stroke combustion engine and of the electric motor. Wave fluid-dynamic 1D code was used in order to create a model of the internal combustion engine. The model validation was carried out by the comparison between the simulation results and the experimental data obtained with the roller test bench. Then, some modifications were analysed in order to optimise the behaviour of the engine at a lower revolution speed of the engine, thus diminishing the specific fuel consumption of the vehicle. Finally, such modifications were introduced in a Simulink (Matlab) model to evaluate their influence on the behaviour of the whole hybrid vehicle when running on different road cycle tests