87 research outputs found
Semi-Automated SVG Programming via Direct Manipulation
Direct manipulation interfaces provide intuitive and interactive features to
a broad range of users, but they often exhibit two limitations: the built-in
features cannot possibly cover all use cases, and the internal representation
of the content is not readily exposed. We believe that if direct manipulation
interfaces were to (a) use general-purpose programs as the representation
format, and (b) expose those programs to the user, then experts could customize
these systems in powerful new ways and non-experts could enjoy some of the
benefits of programmable systems.
In recent work, we presented a prototype SVG editor called Sketch-n-Sketch
that offered a step towards this vision. In that system, the user wrote a
program in a general-purpose lambda-calculus to generate a graphic design and
could then directly manipulate the output to indirectly change design
parameters (i.e. constant literals) in the program in real-time during the
manipulation. Unfortunately, the burden of programming the desired
relationships rested entirely on the user.
In this paper, we design and implement new features for Sketch-n-Sketch that
assist in the programming process itself. Like typical direct manipulation
systems, our extended Sketch-n-Sketch now provides GUI-based tools for drawing
shapes, relating shapes to each other, and grouping shapes together. Unlike
typical systems, however, each tool carries out the user's intention by
transforming their general-purpose program. This novel, semi-automated
programming workflow allows the user to rapidly create high-level, reusable
abstractions in the program while at the same time retaining direct
manipulation capabilities. In future work, our approach may be extended with
more graphic design features or realized for other application domains.Comment: In 29th ACM User Interface Software and Technology Symposium (UIST
2016
Development and validation of the PatientâPhysician Relationship Scale among patients with irritable bowel syndrome
BackgroundAn effective patientâphysician relationship (PPR) is essential to the care of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We sought to develop and validate an IBSâspecific instrument to measure expectations of the PPR.MethodsWe conducted structured focus groups about PPRs with 12 patients with IBS. Qualitative analysis was used to generate a questionnaire (the PatientâPhysician Relationship Scale [PPRS]), which was modified with input from content experts and usability testing. For validation, we administered it online to US adults with IBS. Participants also completed the Functional Bowel Disorder Severity Index, the Rome III Adult Functional gastrointestinal (GI) Disorder Criteria Questionnaire, and modified versions of the Communication Assessment Tool (CATâ15) and PatientâDoctor Relationship Questionnaire (PDRQâ9). We performed principal components factor analysis for the PPRS.Key ResultsThe PPRS contained 32 questions with responses on a 7âitem Likert scale. Themes included interpersonal features, clinical care expectations, and aspects of communication. One thousand and fiftyâfour eligible individuals completed the survey (88% completion rate). Most participants were middle aged (mean 48Â years, SD 16.3), white (90%), and female (86%). Factor analysis showed only one relevant factor, relating to quality of PPR. The final scale ranged from possibleâ96 to +96 (mean 62.0, SD 37.6). It correlated moderately with the CATâ15 (r=.40, P<.001) and PDRQâ9 (r=.30, P<.001), establishing concurrent validity.Conclusions & InferencesWe describe the development and validation of the first questionnaire for use in measuring patient expectations of the PPR, which can be used for future outcomes studies and training physicians.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138227/1/nmo13106.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138227/2/nmo13106_am.pd
A Crucial Role for Infected-Cell/Antibody Immune Complexes in the Enhancement of Endogenous Antiviral Immunity by Short Passive Immunotherapy
Antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent promising therapeutics. However, most mAbs-based immunotherapies conducted so far have only considered the blunting of viral propagation and not other possible therapeutic effects independent of virus neutralization, namely the modulation of the endogenous immune response. As induction of long-term antiviral immunity still remains a paramount challenge for treating chronic infections, we have asked here whether neutralizing mAbs can, in addition to blunting viral propagation, exert immunomodulatory effects with protective outcomes. Supporting this idea, we report here that mice infected with the FrCasE murine retrovirus on day 8 after birth die of leukemia within 4â5 months and mount a non-protective immune response, whereas those rapidly subjected to short immunotherapy with a neutralizing mAb survive healthy and mount a long-lasting protective antiviral immunity with strong humoral and cellular immune responses. Interestingly, the administered mAb mediates lysis of infected cells through an antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanism. In addition, it forms immune complexes (ICs) with infected cells that enhance antiviral CTL responses through FcÎłR-mediated binding to dendritic cells (DCs). Importantly, the endogenous antiviral antibodies generated in mAb-treated mice also display the same properties, allowing containment of viral propagation and enhancement of memory cellular responses after disappearance of the administered mAb. Thus, our data demonstrate that neutralizing antiviral mAbs can act as immunomodulatory agents capable of stimulating a protective immunity lasting long after the end of the treatment. They also show an important role of infected-cells/antibody complexes in the induction and the maintenance of protective immunity through enhancement of both primary and memory antiviral T-cell responses. They also indicate that targeting infected cells, and not just viruses, by antibodies can be crucial for elicitation of efficient, long-lasting antiviral T-cell responses. This must be considered when designing antiviral mAb-based immunotherapies
The Oklahoma State Department of Health Mobile Multiphasic Screening Program for Chronic Disease. II.
Preliminary development and validation of the PatientâPhysician Relationship Scale for physicians for disorders of gutâbrain interaction
BackgroundAn effective patientâphysician relationship (PPR) is essential to the care of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). After developing a PPR questionnaire for patients, we sought to develop and validate an IBSâspecific instrument to measure physician expectations of the PPR.MethodsWe conducted focus groups about PPRs among 15 clinicians who treat patients with IBS from community and academic centers. Qualitative analysis was used to generate the PatientâPhysician Relationship Scale âPhysicianResultsThe PPRSâPhysician contained 35 questions pertaining to interpersonal and psychosocial features considered desirable or undesirable in a relationship with IBS patients. 1113 physicians (22%) completed the survey. Physicians were predominantly middleâaged (mean = 55.1 years), male (85.0%), white (74.5%), and practiced primarily within group settings (61.6%), with an average of 25.7% of their patients having IBS. Factor analysis revealed three relevant factors: interfering attributes, positive attributes, and personal connection. The scale ranged from possible 0 to 100 (mean = 83.8; SD = 8.38). Cronbachâs alpha reliability measure of the scale was 0.938, indicating high internal consistency. There was a significant moderate, positive correlation between JSPE and the PPRS (P < 0.001, r = 0.488), establishing concurrent validity.ConclusionsWe describe the development and validation of the first questionnaire to measure physician expectations of the PPR. This instrument can be used clinically, and for future studies on physician communication.The PatientâPhysician Relationship Scale (PPRS) for physicians may be used in research, education, and clinical practice to evaluate physiciansâ expectations the patientâphysician relationship with patients with DGBI with respect to interfering attributes, positive attributes, and personal connection.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/166448/1/nmo13976.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/166448/2/nmo13976_am.pd
Effect of commercial immunoglobulin G preparation on human monocyte Fc-receptor dependent binding of antibody coated platelets
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