MICROMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE EPIDERMIS AND HYSTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE OF IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE LEAVES OF BORAGINACEAE HERBAСEOUS PLANTS

Aim. In conventional medicine, the species of the Boraginaceae family are not used due to the poor scientific knowledge of the products of secondary metabolism and the lack of information about most of the species. We investigated micromorphological features of the epidermis and conducted histochemical analysis of the products of secondary metabolism in the leaves of Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen ex Hornem., Echium vulgare L., Symphytum asperum Lepech. and S. caucasicum M. Bieb. Methods. Micromorphological analysis included the study of the shape of the main cells of the epidermis, the structure of trichomes and stomata. The number of stomata and trichomes was calculated per 1 mm2. Were used the histochemical reactions in order to identify the products of secondary metabolism. Results. The studied species are characterized by the bifacial type of leaves, numerous trichomes, including long leaf fuzz with a rosette of epidermal cells. The anomocytic type of stomata is characteristic for P. mollis and E. vulgare, anomocytic and anisocytic for S. asperum and S. caucasicum. The leaves of P. mollis, E. vulgare and S. caucasicum are amphistomatic while S. asperum is hypostomatic. The ratio of the non- glandular and glandular trichomes of the intercostal zones of the lower epidermis to the upper in P. mollis was 1.08 and 1.83, respectively, in S. caucasicum 1.61 and 2.67, in S. asperum 7.21 and 2.50, in E. vulgare 1.65 (glandular trichomes in the interstitial zones are absent). In the leaves of the studied species, the products of secondary metabolism (tannins, alkaloids, essential oils, anthracene derivatives and mucus) are localized in bases of non-glandular, glandular trichomes, veins and the main cells of the epidermis. Conclusions. Genus signs of the epidermis of leaves of Boraginaceae are the structure and location of trichomes. Species differences are due to the location of stomata, glandular trichomes and shape of the main epidermal cells. The intensity of staining of secondary metabolites depends on their content in the leaves. The presence of biologically active substances in the leaves of P. mollis, S. caucasicum, S. asperum and E. vulgare determines the value of these species in the creation of new phytopreparations

Accumulation of alkaloids in plants of the family Boraginaceae depending on environmental conditions places of growth

Due to the lack of information on the influence of environmental factors on the accumulation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their content in certain species of this family Boraginaceae, the aim of the study was to assess the level of alkaloids accumulation in the aboveground and under-ground parts of Symphytum asperum Lepech., S. caucasicum M. Bieb., Echium vulgare L., and Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen ex Hornem. depending on climatic, orographic and edaphic conditions. The localization of alka-loids in rhizomes with roots, glandular trichomes of leaves and stems, epidermal cells was revealed. The content of alkaloids in the aboveground phytomass decreases in the series S. asperum ˃ S. caucasicum ˃ Е. vulgare, and in the underground S. caucasicum ˃ S. asperum ˃ Е. vulgare ˃ P. mollis. At the end of the growing season, an increase in the accumulation of alkaloids in the underground phytomass and a decrease in the aboveground one were noted. An increase in air temperature and a decrease in precipitation contribute to an increase in the accumulation of alkaloids in roots and shoots. The level of correlation between the accumulation of alkaloids and the content of trace elements varies from high (Cu, Zn, Mo) to medium (Mn, Pb). The results obtained indicate the need to take into account environmental factors in the implementation of medicinal collections and the preparation of feed from plants

Formation of wheat bread quality indicators when adding pulmonaria mollis extract (Pulmonaria mollis)

Wild plants with proven therapeutic and prophylactic properties play an important role in the production of functional and enriched bakery products. The article presents the results of studies on the effect of Pulmonaria mollis extract (Pulmonaria mollis Hornem.) on the quality of wheat bread. P. mollis plant contains (in terms of absolutely dry matter) 1.86% of flavonoids, 10.95 % of polysaccharides, 256.34 μg / g of iron, 33.47 μg / g of manganese, 15.07 μg / g of copper and 42.92 μg / g of zinc. During the experimental baking, Pulmonaria mollis extract was added to the dough in the concentration of 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; 10.0 and 12.5 %.The dough was prepared in a single-phase (straight) way. The introduction of P. mollis extract into the dough formulation led to the acceleration of acid accumulation, a decrease in the dough fermentation duration and proofing of dough pieces. The 10% concentration of P. mollis extract was selected as an optimal variant of wheat bread formulation. In this case a 11.02 % increase in bread porosity and 0.32 cm3 / g increase in specific volume were noted, as well as an improvement in the state of the surface and structure of porosity. Wheat bread with P. mollis extract has functional properties and is recommended for the prevention of iron deficiency conditions