6 research outputs found
The technique for increasing lift force control capacitance under wind turbine power limiting conditions by plasma technology
The need to increase the control capacitance margin under wind turbine power limiting conditions allows developing favorable conditions of operational reliability. There are two traditional methods of controlling windwheel and generator output capacity: speed control by adjusting blade angle of attack and by blade profile with airflow breakdown. Currently such means of efficient control of wind turbine as plasma drives are developed. The use of plasma technology for extending the range of controlling the wind turbine applying the technique of developing surface dc corona discharge on a blade is of appropriate interest. Taking into account this fact it is necessary to carry out the mathematical modeling which gives an idea of the controlling range value of the studied model
Research of Influence of Substitution of Renewable Energy Sources as a Part of the Scheme of Supply of Own Needs of Small and Micro-HPPS
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠΠ) Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ-ΠΠΠ‘.
Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ (ΠΠΠ£) Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ-ΠΠΠ‘
Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ-ΠΠΠ‘,
Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠ£ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ» ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½
Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠΠ£ Ρ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠΠ£ Π±Π΅Π· Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ΅
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²Π° (ΠΠΠ ), ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΠΠΠ£Π). Π ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠ£ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Π½Π΅Π΅. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π° Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠ£ Π½Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ. Π Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅One of the directions of modern development of renewable energy technologies in Russia is associated with the expansion of their application as part of the own needs of power plants. This article examines the study of the connection of renewable energy sources (RES) as part of the own needs of micro--hydroelectric power plants. The analysis of possibility of power supply of own needs of micro-HPP by wind power installation with use of the frequency Converter for the purposes of regulation of tension of own needs of station was carried out. The first part of the article is devoted to the analysis of publications on the current problem of the use of small and micro--hydroelectric power plants, as well as the description of the purpose and objectives of the study. The second section of the article presents mathematical models describing the connection of the wind turbine with a frequency Converter to work together with consumers of the station's own needs, for which the function of voltage regulation in the network is supposed to be performed. The law was formulated and an algorithm was constructed for the operation of the wind turbine with a load as part of the station's own needs. Note that this algorithm assumes continuous operation of the wind turbine without switching it according to the scheme of automatic reserve input, which leads to an increase in the installed capacity utilization factor. In the third part of the article the oscillograms of transient processes in the mode with and without wind turbines are considered. The short-circuit mode on the load and the influence of the wind turbine on the value of the recharge current are also considered. And in conclusion, the main conclusions on this work are formulate
Development of an algorithm for identifying single-phase ground fault conditions in cable and overhead lines in the networks with isolated neutral
The paper addresses the issue of identification of the type of single-phase ground fault in medium voltage networks operating mainly with an isolated neutral. By analyzing the published research, the most promising methods for detection of a single-phase ground fault were selected. Further, using the selected parameters, algorithms were designed to determine the parameters, process them, and use them to identify the type of a single-phase ground fault. The algorithm developed by the authors was formalized for the application on the basis of microprocessor-based protection systems using digital signal processors. The operation process was modeled using real oscillograms of single-phase ground fault. The use of high-frequency zero-sequence current and voltage components, as well as the root-mean-square value of the zero-sequence voltage, made it possible to design an algorithm that identifies any of the possible single-phase ground fault types (bolted, arc, or contact resistance ones). The first part of the article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of research in the field of detection and identification of single-phase-to-earth faults. In the second part, the parameters of emergency operating conditions are analyzed and the key parameters are determined based on them. The third part contains a description of the single-phase fault identification algorithm developed by the authors and the output oscillograms. The fourth part makes conclusions on the applicability of the algorithm
Control of a Wind Power Plant with a Synchronous Permanent Magnet Generator and a Magnetic Variator
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ. Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ
Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΠΠ£. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ,
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ
Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ·-Π·Π°
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ², Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ,
Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ MATLAB/SimulinkCurrently, the use of wind power plants with magnetic speed reduction is beginning to
develop in the world literature. Features of the application of these systems in combination with a wind
power plant allows you to solve the issue of its interface with the electric power system. The controlled
flexible connection between the turbine and the generator makes it possible to coordinate the control
of the load angle of the synchronous generator. In this paper, we consider a developed controller that
provides integrated control of a wind turbine with a magnetic variator with a variable pitch of the blade
angle and a variable speed of rotation of the wind turbine. A promising direction for the construction
of wind power systems is currently the use of electromagnetic variators as part of wind power
plants. This work is devoted to the study of electric power systems that include wind turbines with
electromagnetic variators. The variator is built between the wind turbine and the generator, instead
of a mechanical gearbox. The high-speed change in the torque of the electromagnetic variator allows
you to keep the speed of the generator. Due to the inherent non-linearity of the wind turbine and CVT,
a set of operational and emergency modes was defined and then the controller was designed for each
operating point. In addition, the aerodynamic torque and effective wind speed are estimated online and
a planned variable schedule for the controller implementation is obtained. Was tested by simulating
with MATLAB/Simulin
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°
The relevance of the study is due to the development herein of a model for reliability
optimization of stand-alone power systems with wind turbines and electrochemical power storage
devices, with special emphasis within this model put on the specifics of power equipment operation.
The key feature of the model developed is that it enables us to factor in the requirements to be met by
the equipment as arising from the considerations of dynamic stability of the stand-alone system. When
simulating battery storage operating modes, the charge-discharge limits as well as the remaining
charge in the storage are taken into account. Thus, the reduction of the total number of considered
mixes of the equipment being commissioned is achieved, the computational efficiency of the reliability
optimization method is increased, while the validity of modeling results is improved. Development
of methods for optimization of reliability of stand-alone electric power systems with wind turbine
installations and electrochemical power storage devices while meeting requirements for electrodynamic
stability. A stand-alone power system that is assumed to be located in the coastal area of Lake Baikal
in the Kabansky State Nature Reserve, Republic of Buryatia, Russia, serves as the object of the study.
Calculations are based on multiple simulation of modes of operation of the electric power system
by means of the Monte Carlo method. The values of random variables are modeled as per specified
laws of distribution and fault rate indicators of power equipment. Modeling of power generation at
wind turbines is based on a detailed analysis of real-life weather data (average hourly wind speed,
air density and humidity). The method of reliability optimization of stand-alone power systems with
wind turbines and electrochemical energy storage devices was developed so as to take into account the
requirements to be met by electric power equipment in terms of dynamic stability. The optimization
criterion is the minimum expected value of the cost of produced electricity. Power redundanct and
energy storage devices are used as means of reliability assurance. The results of calculations attest to the fact that for the natural and climatic zone under consideration, the use of vertical axis wind turbines
in a stand-alone power system proves more efficient than the use of horizontal axis wind turbinesΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ
Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ,
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΈ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄Π°-
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ Π² Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ
ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ
Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΉΠΊΠ°Π» Π² ΠΠ°Π±Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ
Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅-ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ
Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°
Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
(ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π°). Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅
ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²
ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡ