35,786 research outputs found
“Constructal Theory: From Engineering to Physics, and How Flow Systems Develop Shape and Structure”
Constructal theory and its applications to various fields ranging from engineering to
natural living and inanimate systems, and to social organization and economics, are
reviewed in this paper. The constructal law states that if a system has freedom to morph
it develops in time the flow architecture that provides easier access to the currents that
flow through it. It is shown how constructal theory provides a unifying picture for the
development of flow architectures in systems with internal flows (e.g., mass, heat, electricity,
goods, and people). Early and recent works on constructal theory by various
authors covering the fields of heat and mass transfer in engineered systems, inanimate
flow structures (river basins, global circulations) living structures, social organization,
and economics are reviewed. The relation between the constructal law and the thermodynamic
optimization method of entropy generation minimization is outlined. The constructal
law is a self-standing principle, which is distinct from the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
The place of the constructal law among other fundamental principles, such
as the Second Law, the principle of least action and the principles of symmetry and
invariance is also presented. The review ends with the epistemological and philosophical
implications of the constructal law
and Development, from the Individual Researcher to research Empires
This paper is dated: it was written at the time of the celebration of the 20 years of activity of the Évora Geophysics Centre (CGE). It comprises a brief appraisal of the evolution of scientific research in Europe and in the United States of America, together with a special reference to the development of the Portuguese scientific system. The size distribution of scientific teams in the whole system is addressed, and it is shown that at a state of optimal performance there is room for all team sizes ranging from the individual investigator to research empires. Similarly, we note that research dynamics evolve in time with periods of strong creation intensity that alternate with periods of extension and quiescence. We also note that the new perspectives for the European Research Area, with policies that push strongly to the development side, may be risky in the long term as they might lessen creation, which is the base for sustainability and development. Finally, we briefly address the challenges ahead both for the Portuguese scientific system and the CGE
“Exergy based analysis of economic sustainability”
Exergy is presented here as the physical prime-mover of economic systems, and an
exergy based concept of value is proposed in this paper. The main exergy fluxes are
identified as those carried by raw exergy (primary sources), raw materials, usable exergy and exergy embodied in manufactured commodities. It is shown how efficiency
of exergy use is the physical basis for competitiveness and how exergy content (value)can be assigned to skillfulness and expertise. Sustainability of economic systems is analyzed in the light of competitiveness and ability to take extra exergy taken from markets. It is also shown that in competitive economies the ratio (raw exergy)/(total value) tends to decrease, therefore indicating extra exergy from the markets, and this trend is illustrated with the case of the US economy. Finally, the average electricity price in the markets was proposed as a provisional correspondence between exergy content and price of commodities
Constructal view of scaling laws of river basins
River basins are examples of naturally organized flow architectures whose scaling properties have been noticed long ago. Based
on data of geometric characteristics, Horton [Horton, R.E., 1932. Drainage basin characteristics. EOS Trans. AGU 13, 350–361.],
Hack [Hack, J.T., 1957. Studies of longitudinal profiles in Virginia and Maryland. USGS Professional Papers 294-B, Washington
DC, pp. 46–97.], and Melton [Melton, M.A, 1958. Correlation structure of morphometric properties of drainage systems and their
controlling agents. J. of Geology 66, 35–56.] proposed scaling laws that are considered to describe rather accurately the actual river
basins. What we show here is that these scaling laws can be anticipated based on Constructal Theory, which views the pathways by
which drainage networks develop in a basin not as the result of chance but as flow architectures that originate naturally as the result of minimization of the overall resistance to flow (Constructal Law)
Natural flow patterns and structured people dynamics: a constructal view
Constructal theory that has been successfully applied to planetary circulations and
climate and to river basin morphology is shown to provide a useful framework
for describing flows of people. We showed here, with simple examples, that
intuitive rules of traffic organization can be anticipated based on principle, i.e.,
based on the Constructal Law. In addition, and similarly to the case of flows
of inanimate matter, in the case of flows of people, flow patterns emerge as
a necessary consequence of reduction of global flow resistances. These flow
patterns point to decreasing resistivity to flows of people and commodities.
Pathway length varies inversely with resistivity while pathway number increases
with resistivity
Constructal view of the scaling laws of street networks — the dynamics behind geometry
The distributions of street lengths and nodes follow inverse-power distribution laws. That means that the smaller the network
components, the more numerous they have to be. In addition, street networks show geometrical self-similarities over a range of
scales. Based on these features many authors claim that street networks are fractal in nature. What we show here is that both the
scaling laws and self-similarity emerge from the underlying dynamics, together with the purpose of optimizing flows of people and
goods in time, as predicted by the Constructal Law. The results seem to corroborate the prediction that cities’ fractal dimension approaches 2 as they develop and become more complex
Constructal theory of global circulation and climate
The constructal law states that every flow system evolves in time so that it develops the flow architecture that maximizes flow access
under the constraints posed to the flow. Earlier applications of the constructal law recommended it as a self-standing law that is distinct
from the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper, we develop a model of heat transport on the earth surface that accounts for the
solar and terrestrial radiation as the heat source and heat sink and with natural convection loops as the transport mechanism. In the first
part of the paper, the constructal law is invoked to optimize the latitude of the boundary between the Hadley and the Ferrel cells, and the
boundary between the Ferrel and the Polar cells. The average temperature of the earth surface, the convective conductance in the horizontal
direction as well as other parameters defining the latitudinal circulation also match the observed values. In the second part of the
paper, the constructal law is invoked in the analysis of atmospheric circulation at the diurnal scale. Here the heat transport is optimized
against the Ekman number. Even though this second optimization is based on very different variables than in the first part of the paper, it
produces practically the same results for the earth surface temperature and the other variables. The earth averaged temperature difference
between day and night was found to be approximately 7 K, which matches the observed value. The accumulation of coincidences
between theoretical predictions and natural flow configuration adds weight to the claim that the constructal law is a law of nature
Thermodynamic optimization of global circulation and climate
The constructal law of generation of flow structure is used to predict the main features of global circulation
and climate. The flow structure is the atmospheric and oceanic circulation. This feature is modelled as
convection loops, and added to the earth model as a heat engine heated by the Sun and cooled by the
background. It is shown that the dissipation of the power produced by the earth engine can be maximized
by selecting the proper balance between the hot and cold zones of the Earth, and by optimizing the thermal
conductance of the circulation loops. The optimized features agree with the main characteristics of global
circulation and climate. The robustness of these predictions, and the place of the constructal law as a selfstanding
principle in thermodynamics, are discussed
The changing energy paradigm, challenges, and new developments
Editorial of the Special Issue of the International Journal of Energy Researc
“Recent Advances in Energy Research”
The worldwide scarcity of fossil fuels regarding primary energy demand together with growing environmental concerns have raised new challenges to the world economy, and led to changes in the energy paradigm. Industry, services, researchers, and the Academy are challenged to envisage new solutions through setting up new conversion processes, designing new power systems, and investigating and developing new energy sources and vectors
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