43,543 research outputs found
The New Sex Discrimination
Sex discrimination law has not kept pace with the lived experience of discrimination. In the early years of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, courts settled on an idea of what sex discrimination looks like—formal practices that exclude employees based on their group membership. The problem is that sex discrimination has become highly individualized. Modern sex discrimination does not target all men or all women, nor does it target subgroups of men or women. The victims of modern sex discrimination are particular men and women who face discrimination because they do not or cannot conform to the norms of the workplace. These employees have been shut out of a sex discrimination regime that still expects employees to anchor their claims to a narrative of group subordination.
I argue that the lived experience of discrimination should determine employment discrimination doctrine and not the other way around. Accordingly, I propose a new regime for sex discrimination law. The model for the new sex discrimination regime is religious discrimination law. Unlike other areas of employment discrimination law, religious discrimination law offers a dynamic conception of identity and a greater array of different theories of discrimination. I argue that sex discrimination law can and should work this way, too.
On a broader level, the paper makes a strong normative claim about the substance of Title VII\u27s sex equality project. I argue that sex discrimination law needs to recalibrate its vision of equality. Difference is universal. No two women (or men) are the same, and this is a good thing. Thus the central task of sex discrimination law should be to better recognize—and, in turn, protect—the distinctive ways in which employees express their maleness and femaleness. It is these differences, after all, that shape the way employees experience modern sex discrimination
Spherical Orbifolds for Cosmic Topology
Harmonic analysis is a tool to infer cosmic topology from the measured
astrophysical cosmic microwave background CMB radiation. For overall positive
curvature, Platonic spherical manifolds are candidates for this analysis. We
combine the specific point symmetry of the Platonic manifolds with their deck
transformations. This analysis in topology leads from manifolds to orbifolds.
We discuss the deck transformations of the orbifolds and give eigenmodes for
the harmonic analysis as linear combinations of Wigner polynomials on the
3-sphere. These provide new tools for detecting cosmic topology from the CMB
radiation.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with
arXiv:1011.427
Observables in the Decays of B to Two Vector Mesons
In general there are nine observables in the decay of a B meson to two vector
mesons defined in terms of polarization correlations of these mesons. Only six
of these can be detected via the subsequent decay angular distributions because
of parity conservation in those decays. The remaining three require the
measurement of the spin polarization of one of the decay products.Comment: 12 pages, no figur
Pattern Formation from Defect Chaos --- A Theory of Chevrons
For over 25 years it is known that the roll structure of electroconvection
(EC) in the dielectric regime in planarly aligned nematic liquid crystals has,
after a transition to defect chaos, the tendency to form chevron structures. We
show, with the help of a coarse-grained model, that this effect can generally
be expected for systems with spontaneously broken isotropy, that is lifted by a
small external perturbation. The linearized model as well as a nonlinear
extension are compared to simulations of a system of coupled amplitude
equations which generate chevrons out of defect chaos. The mechanism of chevron
formation is similar to the development of Turing patterns in reaction
diffusion systems.Comment: 17 pages, Latex, 11 PS-figures, submitted to Physica
Axial symmetry and conformal Killing vectors
Axisymmetric spacetimes with a conformal symmetry are studied and it is shown
that, if there is no further conformal symmetry, the axial Killing vector and
the conformal Killing vector must commute. As a direct consequence, in
conformally stationary and axisymmetric spacetimes, no restriction is made by
assuming that the axial symmetry and the conformal timelike symmetry commute.
Furthermore, we prove that in axisymmetric spacetimes with another symmetry
(such as stationary and axisymmetric or cylindrically symmetric spacetimes) and
a conformal symmetry, the commutator of the axial Killing vector with the two
others mush vanish or else the symmetry is larger than that originally
considered. The results are completely general and do not depend on Einstein's
equations or any particular matter content.Comment: 15 pages, Latex, no figure
Fine-grain process modelling
In this paper, we propose the use of fine-grain process
modelling as an aid to software development. We suggest
the use of two levels of granularity, one at the level of the
individual developer and another at the level of the
representation scheme used by that developer. The
advantages of modelling the software development process
at these two levels, we argue, include respectively: (1) the
production of models that better reflect actual
development processes because they are oriented towards
the actors who enact them, and (2) models that are
vehicles for providing guidance because they may be
expressed in terms of the actual representation schemes
employed by those actors. We suggest that our previously
published approach of using multiple “ViewPoints” to
model software development participants, the perspectives
that they hold, the representation schemes that they
deploy and the process models that they maintain, is one
way of supporting the fine-grain modelling we advocate.
We point to some simple, tool-based experiments we have
performed that support our proposition
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