24,618 research outputs found
Topical analgesia for acute otitis media
BACKGROUND: Acute otitis media (AOM) is a spontaneously remitting disease of which pain is the most distressing symptom. Antibiotics are now known to have less benefit than previously assumed. Topical pain relief may be a satisfactory intervention for AOM sufferers and encourage clinicians to prescribe fewer antibiotics. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of topical analgesia for AOM in adults and children. SEARCH METHODS: For this second update we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 1), Ovid MEDLINE (2008 to February Week 1 2011), Ovid MEDLINE (InâProcess & Other NonâIndexed Citations 10 February 2011), Ovid EMBASE (2008 to 2011 Week 05), EBSCO CINAHL (2008 to 4 February 2011) and Ovid AMED (2008 to April 2011). SELECTION CRITERIA: Doubleâblind randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasiâRCTs comparing an otic preparation with an analgesic effect (excluding antibiotics) versus placebo or an otic preparation with an analgesic effect (excluding antibiotics) versus any other otic preparation with an analgesic effect, in adults or children presenting at primary care settings with AOM without perforation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three review authors independently screened studies, assessed trial quality and extracted data. Attempts to obtain additional information from the trial authors of the included trials were unsuccessful. MAIN RESULTS: Five trials including 391 children aged three to 18 years met our criteria. Two studies (117 children) compared anaesthetic ear drops versus placebo immediately at diagnosis. All children received some form of oral pain relief. In all five studies it was clear that ear pain diminishes rapidly for most sufferers. Nevertheless there was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of children achieving a 50% reduction in pain in favour of anaesthetic drops 10 minutes after instillation (risk ratio (RR) 2.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19 to 3.80) and 30 minutes after instillation (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.81) on the day AOM was diagnosed but not at 20 minutes (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.74). Three trials (274 children) compared anaesthetic ear drops with naturopathic herbal ear drops. Naturopathic drops were favoured 15 and 30 minutes after instillation, one to three days after diagnosis, but the differences were not statistically significant. Only one trial looked at adverse reactions and found none. Overall the findings of this review are based on trial evidence that is at low or unclear risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from five RCTs, only two of which addressed the most relevant question of primary effectiveness, provides limited evidence that ear drops are effective 30 minutes after administration in older children with AOM. Uncertainty exists as to the magnitude of this effect and more highâquality studies are needed
Atomic Processes in Planetary Nebulae and H II Regions
Spectroscopic studies of Planetary Nebulae (PNe) and H {\sc ii} regions have
driven much development in atomic physics. In the last few years the
combination of a generation of powerful observatories, the development of ever
more sophisticated spectral modeling codes, and large efforts on mass
production of high quality atomic data have led to important progress in our
understanding of the atomic spectra of such astronomical objects. In this paper
I review such progress, including evaluations of atomic data by comparisons
with nebular spectra, detection of spectral lines from most iron-peak elements
and n-capture elements, observations of hyperfine emission lines and analysis
of isotopic abundances, fluorescent processes, and new techniques for
diagnosing physical conditions based on recombination spectra. The review is
directed toward atomic physicists and spectroscopists trying to establish the
current status of the atomic data and models and to know the main standing
issues.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figur
Stochastic Transition Model for Discrete Agent Movements
We propose a calibrated two-dimensional cellular automaton model to simulate
pedestrian motion behavior. It is a v=4 (3) model with exclusion statistics and
random shuffled dynamics. The underlying regular grid structure results in a
direction-dependent behavior, which has in particular not been considered
within previous approaches. We efficiently compensate these grid-caused
deficiencies on model level.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Mock-Gaussian Behaviour for Linear Statistics of Classical Compact Groups
We consider the scaling limit of linear statistics for eigenphases of a
matrix taken from one of the classical compact groups. We compute their moments
and find that the first few moments are Gaussian, whereas the limiting
distribution is not. The precise number of Gaussian moments depends upon the
particular statistic considered
iPTF16abc and the population of Type Ia supernovae: Comparing the photospheric, transitional and nebular phases
Key information about the progenitor system and the explosion mechanism of
Type Ia supernovae (SNe~Ia) can be obtained from early observations, within a
few days from explosion. iPTF16abc was discovered as a young SN~Ia with
excellent early time data. Here, we present photometry and spectroscopy of the
SN in the nebular phase. A comparison of the early time data with a sample of
SNe~Ia shows distinct features, differing from normal SNe~Ia at early phases
but similar to normal SNe~Ia at a few weeks after maximum light (i.e. the
transitional phase) and well into the nebular phase. The transparency
timescales () for this sample of SNe~Ia range between 25 and 41
days indicating a diversity in the ejecta masses. also weakly correlates
with the peak bolometric luminosity, consistent with the interpretation that
SNe with higher ejecta masses would produce more Ni. Comparing the
and the maximum luminosity, L\, distribution of a sample of SNe~Ia to
predictions from a wide range of explosion models we find an indication that
the sub-Chandrasekhar mass models span the range of observed values. However,
the bright end of the distribution can be better explained by Chandrasekhar
mass delayed detonation models, hinting at multiple progenitor channels to
explain the observed bolometric properties of SNe~Ia. iPTF16abc appears to be
consistent with the predictions from the M models.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
KPZ equation in one dimension and line ensembles
For suitably discretized versions of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation in one
space dimension exact scaling functions are available, amongst them the
stationary two-point function. We explain one central piece from the technology
through which such results are obtained, namely the method of line ensembles
with purely entropic repulsion.Comment: Proceedings STATPHYS22, Bangalore, 200
Large-scale exact diagonalizations reveal low-momentum scales of nuclei
Ab initio methods aim to solve the nuclear many-body problem with controlled
approximations. Virtually exact numerical solutions for realistic interactions
can only be obtained for certain special cases such as few-nucleon systems.
Here we extend the reach of exact diagonalization methods to handle model
spaces with dimension exceeding on a single compute node. This allows
us to perform no-core shell model (NCSM) calculations for 6Li in model spaces
up to and to reveal the 4He+d halo structure of this
nucleus. Still, the use of a finite harmonic-oscillator basis implies
truncations in both infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) length scales. These
truncations impose finite-size corrections on observables computed in this
basis. We perform IR extrapolations of energies and radii computed in the NCSM
and with the coupled-cluster method at several fixed UV cutoffs. It is shown
that this strategy enables information gain also from data that is not fully UV
converged. IR extrapolations improve the accuracy of relevant bound-state
observables for a range of UV cutoffs, thus making them profitable tools. We
relate the momentum scale that governs the exponential IR convergence to the
threshold energy for the first open decay channel. Using large-scale NCSM
calculations we numerically verify this small-momentum scale of finite nuclei.Comment: Minor revisions.Accepted for publication in Physical Review
Vicious Walkers and Hook Young Tableaux
We consider a generalization of the vicious walker model. Using a bijection
map between the path configuration of the non-intersecting random walkers and
the hook Young diagram, we compute the probability concerning the number of
walker's movements. Applying the saddle point method, we reveal that the
scaling limit gives the Tracy--Widom distribution, which is same with the limit
distribution of the largest eigenvalues of the Gaussian unitary ensemble.Comment: 23 pages, 5 figure
Vanishing theorems for Shimura varieties at unipotent level
We show that the compactly supported cohomology of Shimura varieties of Hodge type of infinite -level (defined with respect to a Borel subgroup) vanishes above the middle degree, under the assumption that the group of the Shimura datum splits at . This generalizes and strengthens the vanishing result proved in "Shimura varieties at level and Galois representations". As an application of this vanishing theorem, we prove a result on the codimensions of ordinary completed homology for the same groups, analogous to conjectures of Calegari--Emerton for completed (Borel--Moore) homology
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