196 research outputs found

    Velocity fluctuations in forced Burgers turbulence

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    We propose a simple method to compute the velocity difference statistics in forced Burgers turbulence in any dimension. Within a reasonnable assumption concerning the nucleation and coalescence of shocks, we find in particular that the `left' tail of the distribution decays as an inverse square power, which is compatible with numerical data. Our results are compared to those of various recent approaches: instantons, operator product expansion, replicas.Comment: 10 pages latex, one postcript figur

    ΠžΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поколСния Π½Π° основС биологичСских ΠΈ синтСтичСских матриксов

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    Objectives. The purpose of this analytical review is to evaluate the market for osteoplastic materials and surgical implants, as well as study the features of new-generation materials and the results of clinical applications.Methods. This review summarizes the volumes of research articles presented in the electronic database PubMed and eLIBRARY. A total of 129 scientific articles related to biological systems, calcium phosphate, polymer, and biocomposite matrices as carriers of pharmaceutical substances, primary recombinant protein osteoinductors, antibiotics, and biologically active chemical reagents were analyzed and summarized. The search depth was 10 years.Results. Demineralized bone matrix constitutes 26% of all types of osteoplastic matrices used globally in surgical osteology, which includes neurosurgery, traumatology and orthopedics, dentistry, and maxillofacial and pediatric surgery. Among the matrices, polymer and biocomposite matrices are outstanding. Special attention is paid to the possibility of immobilizing osteogenic factors and target pharmaceutical substances on the scaffold material to achieve controlled and prolonged release at the site of surgical implantation. Polymeric and biocomposite materials can retard the release of pharmaceutical substances at the implantation site, promoting a decrease in the toxicity and an improvement in the therapeutic effect. The use of composite scaffolds of different compositions in vivo results in high osteogenesis, promotes the initialization of biomineralization, and enables the tuning of the degradation rate of the material.Conclusions. Osteoplastic materials of various compositions in combination with drugs showed accelerated regeneration and mineralization of bone tissue in vivo, excluding systemic side reactions. Furthermore, although some materials have already been registered as commercial drugs, a plethora of unresolved problems remain. Due to the limited clinical studies of materials for use on humans, there is still an insufficient understanding of the toxicity of materials, time of their resorption, speed of drug delivery, and the possible long-term adverse effects of using implants of different compositions.Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. ЦСль Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π° – Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· остСопластичСских ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ хирургичСских ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поколСния, ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ особСнностСй, характСристик ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡ… клиничСского примСнСния.ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ΠžΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ суммируСт объСм Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², прСдставлСнных Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π°Π»Π°Ρ… Β«PubMedΒ» ΠΈ Β«eLIBRARYΒ». ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» 129 Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… статСй ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌ: биологичСскиС, ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΡ†ΠΈΠΉ-фосфатныС, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ матриксы Π² качСствС носитСлСй Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… фармацСвтичСских субстанций (Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… остСоиндукторов, Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ биологичСски Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… химичСских Ρ€Π΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²). Π“Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° поиска 10 Π»Π΅Ρ‚.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π‘Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈ всСх Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² остСопластичСских матриксов, примСняСмых Π² настоящСС врСмя Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ хирургичСской остСологии, ΠΊΡƒΠ΄Π° Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ нСйрохирургия, травматология ΠΈ ортопСдия, стоматология, Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎ-лицСвая ΠΈ дСтская хирургия, Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ костный матрикс (Π”ΠšΠœ) Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ 26%. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ матриксы сСгодня ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ пСрспСктивными ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² сравнСнии с Π”ΠšΠœ. ОсобоС Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² матриксов удСляСтся возмоТности фиксации остСогСнных Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… фармацСвтичСских субстанций Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅-носитСлС с Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ выпуска Π½Π° участкС хирургичСской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ способны Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ врСмя высвобоТдСния фармсубстанций Π² мСстС ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, способствуя сниТСнию токсичности ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π³Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ тСрапСвтичСского эффСкта, являясь пСрспСктивной Π°Π»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ кости. ИспользованиС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… носитСлСй Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ состава in vivo дСмонстрируСт высокиС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ остСогСнСза, способствуСт запуску Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ позволяСт Π²Π°Ρ€ΡŒΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Π°.Π’Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ΠžΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ состава Π² сочСтании с лСкарствСнными срСдствами ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ ускорСниС Ρ€Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ костной Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ in vivo, ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ систСмныС ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. И, хотя Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ зарСгистрированы Π² качСствС коммСрчСских ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², всС Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ сохраняСтся ряд Π½Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ. Из-Π·Π° ограничСнности клиничСских исслСдований ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π»ΡŽΠ΄ΡΡ… ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ вопросы ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ нСдостаточноС ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ токсичности ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΠΎΡ€Π±Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, скорости доставки лСкарствСнного срСдства ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ высвобоТдСния, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ нСблагоприятныС эффСкты ΠΎΡ‚ использования ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ состава

    Variability of Hot Supergiant IRAS 19336-0400 in the Early Phase of its Planetary Nebula Ionization

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    We present photoelectric and spectral observations of a hot candidate proto-planetary nebula - early B-type supergiant with emission lines in spectrum - IRAS 19336-0400. The light and color curves display fast irregular brightness variations with maximum amplitudes Delta V=0.30 mag, Delta B=0.35 mag, Delta U=0.40 mag and color-brightness correlations. By the variability characteristics IRAS 19336-0400 appears similar to other hot proto-planetary nebulae. Based on low-resolution spectra in the range lambda 4000-7500 A we have derived absolute intensities of the emission lines H_alpha, H_beta, H_gamma, [SII], [NII], physical conditions in gaseous nebula: n_e=10^4 cm^{-3}, T_e=7000 \pm 1000 K. The emission line H_alpha, H_beta equivalent widths are found to be considerably variable and related to light changes. By UBV-photometry and spectroscopy the color excess has been estimated: E_{B-V}=0.50-0.54. Joint photometric and spectral data analysis allows us to assume that the star variability is caused by stellar wind variations.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Pis'ma Astron. Zh. (Astronomy Letters

    The Granular Phase Diagram

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    The kinetic energy distribution function satisfying the Boltzmann equation is studied analytically and numerically for a system of inelastic hard spheres in the case of binary collisions. Analytically, this function is shown to have a similarity form in the simple cases of uniform or steady-state flows. This determines the region of validity of hydrodynamic description. The latter is used to construct the phase diagram of granular systems, and discriminate between clustering instability and inelastic collapse. The molecular dynamics results support analytical results, but also exhibit a novel fluctuational breakdown of mean-field descriptions.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure
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